如何写研究论文与学术报告PDF电子书下载

PartⅠ:The Processes of Research and Writing 1

Chapter 1:Writing Research Papers 2

Choosing a Topic 2

General Subject Area 2

Definition of the Topic 3

Statement of the Topic 4

Preparing a Working Bibliography 5

General and Specialized Indexes 6

Bibliographies 8

The Library Catalog 8

Electronic Sources 12

Collecting Information 14

The Working Bibliography 14

Critical Evaluation of Sources 16

Note Taking 18

Outlining the Paper 21

The Thesis Statement 21

Principles of Organization 22

Types of Outlines 23

0utline Formats 23

Writing the Paper 24

The First Draft 24

Revision 25

Editing 26

Format 27

Proofreading 28

Elements of Research Papers 29

Sample Pages 29

Chapter 2:Elements of Theses and Dissertations 38

The Preliminaries(Front Matter) 38

Abstract 38

Approval Sheet 39

Title Page 39

Copyright Page 40

Clearance Forms 41

Table of Contents 41

Lists of Tables and Figures 41

Acknowledgments 42

Preface 42

The Text(Body) 42

Organization of Chapters 42

Chapter Titles and Headings 45

Reference Materials(Back Matter,or End Matter) 46

Appendix 46

Glossary 46

Bibliography,List of Works Cited,or References 47

Index 47

Notes 47

Elements of Theses and Dissertations 48

Sample Pages 48

Chapter 3:Quotations 55

Indirect Quotation 56

Direct Quotation 57

Quotations Run into Text 58

Quotations Set Off from Text 59

Prose 59

Poetry 61

Epigraphs 62

Drama 62

Direct Quotations in Notes 63

Ways of Introducing Direct Quotations 63

Introductions to Run-in Quotations 64

Introductions to Set-off Quotations 65

Punctuation of Direct Quotations 67

Capitalization 67

Quotation Marks 69

End Punctuation 70

Omissions from Quoted Material 71

Interpolation 74

Style 77

Chapter 4:Style and Mechanics 77

Diction 78

Tone 78

Voice 78

Economy 79

Tense 79

Sentence Structure 80

Parallelism 81

Logical Consistency 83

Coherence 83

Unbiased Language 84

Spelling 85

Mechanics 85

Abbreviations 86

Hyphenation 86

Italics 88

Titles of Works 89

Capitalization 91

Numbers 92

Enumeration 94

Editing and Proofreading 96

Chapter 5:Tables,Figures,and Computer Materials 97

Tables 97

Relation of Tables and Text 98

Captions 98

Columns and Rows 100

Numbering 100

Footnotes for Tables 101

Oversize Tables 102

Figures 102

Relation of Figures and Text 103

Captions 103

Numbering 103

Hand-drawn and Computer-generated Graphs 104

Mounted Illlustrations 104

Oversize Figures 105

Supplies for Creating Figures 105

Computer Output 106

Computer Materials 106

Computer Programs 106

Tables,Figures,and Computer Materials 107

Sample Pages 107

Chapter 6:The Finished Copy 118

The Final Draft 118

Equipment and Supplies 118

The Typewriter or Computer Printer 118

Type 119

Software 119

Special Symbols 119

Materials for Correction 120

Copies 120

Ribbon 120

Paper 120

Typing and Printing Instructions 121

Numbering of Pages 121

Spacing 122

Quotations 124

Endnotes and Footnotes 126

Headings Within Chapters 127

Tables and Figures 128

Part-Title Pages 130

Bibliographies and Lists of Works Cited 130

Chapter Numbers and Titles 130

Front Matter for a Thesis or Dissertation 131

Back Matter for a Thesis or Dissertation 133

Part Ⅱ:Systems of Documentation 135

General Information on Documentation 136

Purposes of Notes and Parenthetical References 136

Acknowledging Indebtedness 137

Establishing the Validity of Eyidence 137

Providing Cross-References Within the Paper 137

Amplifying Ideas 137

Providing Additional Bibliography 138

The List of Sources 138

Alphabetization of Entries 139

Types of Bibliographies 140

Chapter 7:Chicago Manual Style 141

Endnotes and Footnotes 142

Designation of Notes in the Text 142

First Reference and Subsequent Reference 143

Bibliographies 150

Books 151

Multivolume Works and Series 157

Periodicals 158

Works of Literature 161

Reference Works 163

Public Documents 164

Unpublished Sources 167

Dissertations 168

Nonprint Sources 169

Electronic Sources 173

Examples of Footnote and Endnote Forms and Bibliography Forms 175

Chapter 8:Modern Language Association Style 210

Content of Parenthetical Citations 210

Placement and Punctuation of Parenthetical Documentation 214

The List of Works Cited 215

Works Cited Forms 218

Books 218

Articles in Periodicals 224

Electronic Sources 227

Other Sources 228

Sample Pages 233

Chapter 9:American Psychological Association Style 235

Parenthetical Reference Citations in Text 236

Reference Forms 241

Periodicals 241

Books and Chapters of Books 245

Technical and Research Reports 249

Proceedings of Meetings 250

Dissertations and Theses 250

Unpublished Materials and Works of Limited Circulation 251

Reviews and Published Interviews 252

Audiovisual Media 253

Electronic Media 254

The List of References 256

Sample Pages 258

Appendix A:MLA-Style Shortened Forms of Publishers'Names and Imprints 261

Appendix B:Legal Citation 264

Appendix C:Author-Number System of References 268

Appendix D:Abbreviations of State Names 269

Glossary 271

Index 275

文库索引 282