语言学入门PDF电子书下载

1 What Is Language? 1

1.1 The Significance of Language 1

1.2 What Is Language? 2

1.3 The Functions of Language 5

1.4 What Is a Language? 6

1.5 The Elements of Language 6

Summary 7

Exercises 8

2 Lexis 9

2.1 What Is a Word? 9

2.2 Where Do Words Come From? 12

Exercises 20

Summary 20

3 Semantics 21

3.1 The Function of Lexemes 21

3.2 The Meaning of Meaning 22

3.3 Semantic Range 22

3.4 The Definition of Semantic Range 24

3.5 Collocation and Idiom 28

3.6 Homonymy and Polysemy 30

3.7 The Human Element of Meaning 31

3.8 Pragmatics 33

3.9 Discourse Analysis 37

Summary 38

Exercises 39

4.1 The Organs of Speech 41

4 Phonetics 41

4.2 Consonants 43

4.3 Phonemic Notation 47

4.4 Vowels 49

4.5 Sounds in Sequence 52

Summary 53

Exercises 53

5 Phonology 55

5.1 Sound Systems of Languages 55

5.2 The Phoneme 56

5.3 Phonological Rules 57

5.4 The Phonology of English 58

5.5 The Phonology of Other Languages 62

5.6 Suprasegmental Features 66

Summary 70

Exercises 70

6 Morphology 73

6.1 The Composition of Words 73

6.2 Morphemes 75

6.3 Derivation and Inflection 75

6.4 Productivity and Word Formation 77

6.5 Problems of Morphological Analysis 78

Summary 81

Exercises 81

7 Syntax 83

7.1 Syntax as Opposed to Morphology 83

7.2 Word Classes 84

7.3 Constituent Structure 86

7.4 Noam Chomsky 89

7.5 Syntactic Forms 91

Summary 93

Exercises 94

8 Regional Variation 96

8.1 Variations of Variations 96

8.2 Horizontal Definition of Dialect 98

8.3 Vertical Definition of Dialect 102

8.4 The Nature of Variation 105

Summary 107

Exercises 108

9.1 The Social Dimension 109

9 Social Variation 109

9.2 The Standard Language 111

9.3 The Urban Vanguard 112

9.4 Men and Women 113

9.5 Power and Solidarity 114

9.6 Registers and Diglossia 116

9.7 Taboo and Political Correctness 118

9.8 Slang 120

Summary 121

Exercises 121

10 Historical Linguistics 123

10.1 The Diachronic Dimension 123

10.2 How Language Changes 124

10.3 Why Language Changes 129

10.4 When Language Changes 134

10.5 Divergence 135

10.6 Convergence 139

10.7 Pidgins and Creoles 141

Summary 142

Exercises 143

11 The Languages of Western Europe 145

11.1 The Indo-European Family of Languages 145

11.2 The Germanic Languages 146

11.3 The Romance Languages 154

11.4 The Celtic Languages 162

11.5 Finnish 164

Summary 164

Texts 165

Exercises 174

12 Writing Systems 177

12.1 Communication across Time and Space 177

12.2 Morphemic and Phonetic Script 178

12.3 Chinese Script-A Morphemic System 181

12.4 Roman Script-An Alphabetic System 182

12.5 Allographs 184

Summary 185

Exercises 185

Glossary 186

Guide to Exercises 198

Bibliography 207

Index 211

文库索引 215