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1．High Up in the North 2

1．THE SETTING OF THE STAGE 3

2．It Rained Incessantly 4

3．The Ascent of Man 5

4．The Plants Leave the Sea 6

2．OUR EARLIEST ANCESTORS 9

5．The Growth of the Human Skull 9

6．Pre-history and History 11

3．PREHISTORIC MAN BEGINS TO MAKE THINGS FOR HIMSELF 13

7．Prehistoric Europe 15

4．THE EGYPTIANS INVENT THE ART OF WRITING AND THE RECORD OF HIS-TORY BEGINS 17

5．THE BEGINNING OF CIVILISATION IN THE VALLEY OF THE NILE 22

8．The Valley of Egypt 23

9．The Building of the Pyramids 25

6．THE RISE AND FALL OF EGYPT 27

7．MESOPOTAMIA-THE SECOND CENTRE OF EASTERN CIVILISATION 29

10．Mesopotamia, the Melting-pot of the Ancient World 30

8．THE SUMERIAN NALL WRITERS, WHOSE CLAY TABLETS TELL US THE STORY OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA, THE GREAT SEMITIC MELTING-POT 32

11．A Tower of babel 34

12．Nineveh 35

13．The Holy City of Babylon 36

9．THE STORY OF MOSES, THE LEADER OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE 38

14．The Wanderings of the Jews 39

15．Moses Sees the Holy Land 41

16．The Phoenician Trader 42

10．THE PHCENICIANS, WHO GAVE US OUR ALPHABET 42

11．THE INDO-EUROPEAN PERSIANS CONQUER THE SEMITIC AND THE EGYPTIAN WORLD 44

17．The Story of a Word 45

18．The Indo-Europeans and Their Neighbours 46

19．The Trojan Horse 48

12．THE PEOPLE OF THE ? GEAN SEA CARRIED THE CIVIISATION OF OLD ASIA INTO THE WILDERNESS OF EUROPE 48

20．Schliemann Digs for Troy 49

21．Mycen ? in Argolis 50

22．The ?gean Sea 51

23．The Island-Bridges Between Asia and Europe 52

13．MEANWHILE THE INDO-EUROPEAN TRIBE OF THE HELLENES WAS TAKING POSSESSION OF GREECE 54

24．An ?gean City on the Greek Mainland 54

25．The Ach ?ans Take an ?gean City 55

26．The Fall of Cnossus 56

14．THE GREEK CITIES THAT WERE REALLY STATES 58

27．Mount Olympus, Where the Gods Lived 59

15．THE GREEKS WERE THE FIRST PEOPLE TO TRY THE DIFFICULT EXPERIMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT 62

28．A Greek City-State 63

16．HOW THE GREEKS LIVED 66

29．Greak Society 67

17．THE ORIGINS OF THE THEATRE, THE FIRST FORM OF PUBLIC AMUSEMENT 71

18．HOW THE GREEKS DEFENDEP EUROPE AGAINST AX ASIATIC INVASION AND DROVE THE PERSIANS BACK ACROSS THE ? GEAN SEA 74

30．The Persian Fleet is Destroyed Near Mount Athos 75

31．The Battle of Marathon 76

32．Thermopyl? 77

33．The Battle of Thermopyl? 78

34．The Persians Burn Athens 79

19．HOW ATHENS AND SPARTA FOUGHT A LONG AND DISASTROUS WAR FOR THE LEADERSHIP OF GREECE 81

20．ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN ESTABLISHES A GREEK WORLD-EMPIRE, AND WHAT BECAME OF THIS HIGH AMBITION 83

21．A SHORT SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 1 TO 20 86

22．THE SEMITIC COLONY OF CARTHAGE ON THE NORTHERN COAST OF AFRICA AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN CITY OF ROME ON THE WEST COAST OF ITALY FOUGHT EACH OTHER FOR THE POSSESSION OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND CARTHAGE WAS DESTROYED 89

35．Carthage 90

36．Spheres of Influence 91

37．How the City of Rome Happened 93

38．A Fast Roman Warship 98

39．Hannibal Crosses the Alps 100

40．Hannibal and the CEF 102

41．The Death of Hannibal 103

23．HOW ROME HAPPENED 105

42．How Rome Heppened 105

43．Civilisation Goes Westward 107

24．HOW THE REPUBLIC OF ROME , AFTER CENTURIES OF UNREST AND REVOLUTION, BECAME AN EMPIRE 109

44．C?sar Goes West 114

45．The Great Roman Empire 116

25．THE STORY OF JOSHUA OF NAZARETH, WHOM THE GREEKS CALLED JESUS 119

46．The Holy Land 121

26．THE TWILIGHT OF ROME 124

47．When the Barbarians Got Through With a Roman City 126

48．The Invasions of the Barbarians 129

27．HOW ROME BECAME THE CENTRE OF THE CHRISTIAN WORLD 131

49．A Cloister 133

50．The Goths Are Coming! 134

28．AHMED, THE CAMEL DRIVER, WHO BECAME THE PROPHET OF THE ARABIAN DESERT, AND WHOSE FOLLOWERS ALMOST CONQUERED THE ENTIRE KNOWX WORLD FOR THE GREATER GLORY OF ALLAH, THE“ONLY TRUE GOD 138

51．The Flight of Mohammed 139

52．The Struggle Between the Cross and the Crescent 143

29．HOW CHARLEMAGEN, THE KING OF THE FRANKS, CAME TO BEAR THE TITLE OF EMPEROR AND TRIED TO REVIVE THE OLD IDEAL OF WORLD-EMPIRE 144

53．The Holy Roman Empire of German Nationality 148

30．WHY THE PEOPLE OF THE TENTH CENTURY PRAYED THE LORD TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE FURY OF THE NORSEMEN 151

54．The Home of the Norsemen 152

55．The Norsemen Go to Russia 153

56．The Normans Look Across the Channel 153

57．The World of the Norsemen 154

31．HOW CENTRAL EUROPE, ATTACKED FROM THREE SIDES, BECAME AN ARMED CAMP AND WHY EUROPE WOULD HAVE PERISHED WITHOUT THOSE PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS AND ADMINISTRATORS WHO WERE PART OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM 156

32．CHIVAIRY 161

33．THE STRANGE DOUBLE LOYALTY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE AGES, AND HOW IT LED TO ENDLESS QUARRELS BETWEEN THE POPES AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS 164

58．Henry IV at Canossa 168

34．BUT ALL THESE DIFFERENT QUARRELS WERE FORGOTTEN WHEN THE TURKS TOOKTHE HOLY LAND, DESECRATED THE HOLY PLACES AND INTERFERED SERIOWSLY WITH THE TRADE FROM EAST TO WEST EUROPE WENT CRUSADING 171

59．The First Crusade 173

60．The World of the Crusaders 174

61．The Crusaders Take Jerusalem 175

62．The Crusader s Grave 176

35．WHY THE PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE AGES SAID THAT CITY AIR IS FREE AIR 177

63．The Castle and the City 182

64．The Belfry 186

65．Gunpowder 187

36．HOW THE PEOPLE OF THE CITIES ASSERTED THEIR RIGHT TO BE HEARD IN THE ROYAL COUNCILS OF THEIR COUNTRY 188

66．The Spreading of the Idea of Popular Sovereignty 189

67．The Home of Swiss Liberty 192

68．The Abjuration of Philip II 193

37．WHAT THE PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE AGES THOUGHT OF THE WORLD IN WHICH THEY HAPPENED TO LIVE 194

38．HOW THE CRUSADES ONCE MORE MADE THE MEDITERRANEAN A BUSY CENTRE OF TRADE AND HOW THE CITIES OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA BECAME THE GREAT DISTRIBUTING CENTRE FOR THE COMMERCE WITH ASIA AND AFRICA 202

69．Medi?val Trade 203

70．Great Nowgorod 206

71．The Hansa Ship 208

39．PEOPLE ONCE MORE DARED TO BE HAPPY JUST BECAUSE THEY WERE ALIVE THEY TRIED TO SAVE THE REMAINS OF THE OLDER AND MORE AGREEABLE CIVILISATION OF ROME AND GREECE AND THEY WERE SO PROUD OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS THAT THEY SPOKE Ok A RENAISSANC 210

72．The Medi?val Laboratory 213

73．The Renaissance 214

74．Dante 216

40．THE PEOPLE BEGAN TO FEEL THE NEED OF GIVING EXPRESSION TO THEIR NEWLY DISCOVERED JOY OF LIVING. THEY EXPRESSED THEIR HAPPINESS IN POETRY AND IN SCULPTURE AND IN ARCHITECTURE AND PAINTING, AND IN THE BOOKS THEY PRINTED 222

75．John Huss 223

76．The Manuscript and the Printed Book 226

41．BUT NOW THAT PEOPLE HAD BROKEN THROUGH THE BONDS OF THEIR NARROW MEDI ? VAL LIMITATIONS, THEY HAD TO HAVE MORE ROOM FOR THEIR WANDERINGS. THE EUROPEAN WORLD HAD GROWN TOO SMALL FOR THEIR AMBITIONS. IT WAS THE TIME OF THE GREAT VOYAGES O 228

77．Marco Polo 229

78．How the World Grew Larger 231

79．The World of Columbus 234

80．The Great Discoveries. Western Hemisphere 237

81．The Great Discoveries. Eastern Hemisphere 238

82．Magellan 240

42．CONCERNING BUDDHA AND CONFUCIUS 245

83．The Three Great Religions 247

84．The Great Moral Leaders 254

43．THE PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN RACE IS BEST COMPARED TO A GIGANTIC PENDULUM WIHCH FOREVER SWINGS FORWARD AND BACKWARD THE RELIGIOUS INDIFFERENCE AND THE ARTISTIC AND LITERARY ENTHUSIASM OF THE RENAISSANCE WERE FOLLOWED BY THE ARTISTIC AND LI 256

85．Luther Translates the Bible 262

44．THE AGE OF THE GREAT RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES 266

86．The Inquisition 267

87．The Night of St. Bartholomew 272

88．Leyden Delivered by the Cutting of the Dikes 273

89．The Murder of William the Silent 274

90．The Armada is Coming! 275

91．The Death of Hudson 277

92．The Thirty Years War 279

93．Amsterdam in 1648 281

45．HOW THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS AND THE LESS DIVINE BUT MORE REASONABLE RIGHT OF PARLIAMENT ENDED DISASTROUSIY FOR KING CHARLES I 283

94．The English Nation 284

95．The Hundred Years War 285

96．John and Sebastian Cabot See the Coast of Newfoundland 288

97．The Elizabethan Stage 289

46．IN FRANCE, ON THE OTHER HAND, THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS CONTINUED WITH GREATER POMP AND SPLENDOR THAN EVER BEFORE AND THE AMBITION OF THE RULER WAS ONLY TEMPERED BY THE NEWLY INVENTED LAW OF THE BALANCE OF POWER 299

98．The Balance of Power 302

47．THE STORY OF THE MYSTERIOUS MUSCOVITE EMPIRE WHICH SUDDENLY BURST UPON THE GRAND POLITICAL STAGE OF EUROPE 304

99．The Origin of Russia 306

100．Peter the Great in the Dutch Shipyard 312

48．RUSSIA AND SWEDEN FIGHT MANY WARS TO DECIDE WHO SHALL BE THE LEADING POWER OF NORTH-EASTERN EUROPE 312

101．Peter the Great Builds His New Capital 314

49．THE PETRAORDINARY RISE OF A LITTLE STATE IN A DREARY PARYT OF NORTHERN GERMANY, CALLED PRUSSIA 317

50．HOW THE NEWLY FOUNDED NATIONAL OF DYNASTIC STATES OF EUROPE TRIED TO MAKE THEMSELVES RICH AND WHAT WAS MEANT BY THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM 321

102．The voyage of the pilgrims 322

103．How Europe Conquered the World 325

104．Sea Power 326

51．AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EUROPE HEARD STRANGE REPORTS OF SOMETHING WHICH HAD HAPPENED IN THE WILDERNESS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT. THE DESCENDANTS OF THE MEN WHO HAD PUNISHED KING CHARLES FOR HIS INSISTENCE UPON HIS D 327

105．The Fight for Liberty 327

106．The Pilgrims 328

107．How the White Man Settled in North America 329

108．In the Cabin of the Mayflower 331

109．The French Explore the West 332

110．The First Winter in New England 334

111．George Washington 336

112．The Great American Revolution 337

52．THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION PROCLAIMS THE PRINCIPLES OF LIBERTY, FRATERNITY AND EQUALITY UNTO ALL THE PEOPLE OF THE EARTH 339

113．The Guillotine 342

114．Louis XVI 344

115．The Bastille 347

116．The French Revolution Invades Holland 352

53．NAPOLEON 354

117．The Retreat from Moscow 360

118．The Battle of Waterloo 363

119．Napoleon Goes Into Exile 365

54．AS SOON AS NAPOLEON HAD BEEN SENT TO ST. HELENA, THE RULERS WHO SO OFTEN HAD BEEN DEFEATED BY THE HATED CORSICAN MET AT VIENNA AND TRIED TO UNDO THE MANY CHANGES WHICH HAD BEEN BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 367

120．The Spectre Which Frightened the Holy Alliance 370

121．The Real Congress of Vienna 373

55．THEY TRIED TO ASSURE THE WORLD AN ERA OF UNDISTURBED PEACE BY SUPPRESSING ALL NEW LDEAS. THEY MADE THE POLICESPY THE HIGHEST FUNCTIONARY IN THE STATE AND SOON THE PRISONS OF ALL COUNTRIES WERE FILLED WITH THOSE WHO CLAIMED THAT PEOPLE H 379

56．THE LOVE OF NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE, HOWEVER, WAS TOO STRONG TO BE DESTROYED IN THIS WAY. THE SOUTH AMERICANS WERE THE FIRST TO REBEL AGAINST THE REACTIONARY MEASURES OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA. GREECE AND BELGIUM AND SPAINAND A LARGE NUMB 387

122．The Monroe Doctrine 391

123．Giuseppe Mazzini 401

57．BUT WHILE THE PEOPLE OF EUROPE WERE FIGHTING FOR THEIR NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE, THE WORLD IN WHICH THEY LIVED HAD BEEN ENTIRELY CHANGED BY A SERIES OF INVENTIONS, WHICH HAD MADE THE CLUMSY OLD STEAM-ENGINE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE MO 408

124．The First Steamboat 414

125．The Origin of the Steamboat 415

126．The Origin of the Automobile 416

58．THE NEW ENGINES WERE VERY EXPENSIVE AND ONLY PEOPLE OF WEALTH COULD AFFORD THEM. THE OLD CARPENTER OR SHOEMAKER WHO HAD BEEN HIS OWN MASTER IN HIS LITTLE WORKSHOP WAS OBLIGED TO HIRE HIMSELF OUT TO THE OWNERS OF THE BIG MECHANICAL TOOLS 419

127．Man-power and Machine-power 420

128．The Factory 422

59．THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF MACHINERY DID NOT BRING ABOUT THE ERA OF HAPPINESS AND PROSPERITY WHICH HAD BEEN PREDICTED BY THE GENERATION WHICH SAW THE STAGE COACH REPLACED BY THE RAILROAD SEVERAL PEMEDIES WERE SUGGESTED, BUT NONE OF THE 425

60．BUT THE WORLD HAD UNDERGONE ANOTHER CHANGE WHICH WAS OF GREATER IMPORTANCE THAN EITHER THE POLITICAL OR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS. AFTER GENERATIONS OF OPPRESSION AND PERSECUTION, THE SCIENTIST HAD AT LAST GAINED LIBERTY OF ACTION AND 432

129．The Philosopher 432

130．Galileo 434

61．A CHAPTER OF ART 439

131．Gothic Architecture 443

132．The Troubadour 448

62．A CHAPTER WHICH OUGHT TO GIVE YOU A GREAT DEAL OF POLITICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE LAST FIFTY YEARS, BUT WHICH REALLY CONTALNS SEVERAL EXPLANATIONS AND A FEW APOLOGIES 452

133．The Pioneer 453

134．The Conquest of the West 457

63．THE GREAT WAR WHICH WAS REALLY THE STRUGGLE FOR A NEW AND BETTER WORLD 462

135．War 463

136．The Spread of the Imperial Idea 466

64．AS IT EVER SHALL BE 472

65．AFTER SEVEN YEARS 473

137．A World in Flames 474

138．Sea Power 476

139．Man Power 478

140．Propaganda 480

141．America Goes Abroad 483

142．The Iron Man 484

143-147．Animated Chronology 489

66．ANIMATED CHRONOLOGY 489

67．CONCERNING THE PICTURES 494

68．AN HISTORICAL READING LIST FOR CHILDREN 497