有机化学PDF电子书下载

Section A-Structure and bonding 1

A1 Atomic structure of carbon 1

A2 Covalent bonding and hybridization 3

A3 sp3 Hybridization 5

A4 sp2 Hybridization 8

CONTENTSPreface 9

A5 sp Hybridization 14

A6 Bonds and hybridized centers 17

Section B-Alkanes and cycloalkanes 19

B1 Definition 19

B2 Drawing structures 20

B3 Nomenclature 22

C1 Recognition of functional groups 27

Section C-Functional groups 27

C2 Aliphatic and aromatic functional groups 29

C3 Intermolecular bonding 30

C4 Properties and reactions 33

C5 Nomenclature of functional groups 35

C6 Primary，secondary，tertiary，and quaternary nomenclature 43

Section D-Stereochemistry 45

D1 Constitutional isomers 45

D2 Configurational isomers-alkenes and cycloalkanes 46

D3 Configurational isomers-optical isomers 49

D4 Conformational isomers 56

E1 Definition 63

Section E-Nucleophiles and electrophiles 63

E2 Charged species 64

E3 Neutral inorganic species 66

E4 Organic structures 69

Section F-Reactions and mechanisms 73

F1 Reactions 73

F2 Mechanisms 75

Section G-Acid-base reactions 79

G1 Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases 79

G2 Acid strength 82

G3 Base strength 88

G4 Lewis acids and bases 94

G5 Enolates 95

Section H-Alkenes and alkynes 99

H1 Preparation of alkenes and alkynes 99

H2 Properties of alkenes and alkynes 101

H3 Electrophilic addition to symmetrical alkenes 104

H4 Electrophilic addition to unsymmetrical alkenes 111

H5 Carbocation stabilization 114

H6 Reduction and oxidation of alkenes 116

H7 Hydroboration of alkenes 120

H8 Electrophilic additions to alkynes 123

H9 Reduction of alkynes 126

H10 Alkylation of terminal alkynes 128

H11 Conjugated dienes 130

I1 Aromaticity 135

Section I-Aromatic chemistry 135

I2 Preparation and properties of aromatic compounds 137

I3 Electrophilic substitutions of benzene 139

I4 Synthesis of mono-substituted benzenes 147

I5 Electrophilic substitutions of mono-substitutedaromatic rings 150

I6 Synthesis of di-and tri-substituted benzenes 160

I7 Oxidation and reduction 164

Section J-Aldehydes and ketones 167

J1 Preparation 167

J2 Properties 169

J3 Nucleophilic addition 172

J4 Nucleophilic addition-charged nucleophiles 174

J5 Electronic and steric effects 180

J6 Nucleophilic addition-nitrogen nucleophiles 183

J7 Nucleophilic addition-oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles 186

J8 Reactions of enolate ions 190

J9 α-Halogenation 197

J10 Reduction and oxidation 199

J11 α，β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones 201

Section K-Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives 205

K1 Structure and properties 205

K2 Nucleophilic substitution 208

K3 Reactivity 212

K4 Preparations of carboxylic acids 216

K5 Preparations of carboxylic acid derivatives 218

K6 Reactions 223

K7 Enolate reactions 233

Section L-Alkyl halides 237

L1 Preparation and physical properties 237

L2 Nucleophilic substitution 239

L3 Factors affecting SN2 versus SN1 reactions 244

L4 Elimination 249

L5 Elimination versus substitution 253

L6 Reactions of alkyl halides 255

L7 Organometallic reactions 258

Section M-Alcohols，phenols，and thiols 261

M1 Preparation of alcohols 261

M2 Preparation of phenols 262

M3 Properties of alcohols and phenols 264

M4 Reactions of alcohols 268

M5 Reactions of phenols 275

M6 Chemistry of thiols 279

Section N-Ethers，epoxides，and thioethers 281

N1 Preparation of ethers，epoxides，and thioethers 281

N2 Properties of ethers，epoxides，and thioethers 284

N3 Reactions of ethers，epoxides，and thioethers 286

Section O-Amines and nitriles 291

O1 Preparation of amines 291

O2 Properties of amines 295

O3 Reactions of amines 300

O4 Chemistry of nitriles 306

Further reading 309

Index 311