图解生物化学 英文版PDF电子书下载

1CELLULAR BASIS OF BIOCHEMISTRYTypes of living cells 2

The organelles of a typical animal cell 2

Types of biochemical preparations 4

Subcellular fractionation 4

Metabolic functions of organelles 6

2THE PROTEINS 6

1．The chemistry of amino acids and peptides 8

2．Protein structure,properties and separation 18

3．Protein function 35

Serum proteins 35

Proteins involved in the metabolism of iron 37

Collagen 38

Peptides 39

The ACTH peptides 40

Immunoglobulin structures 41

The structure of complement 44

The generation of antibody diversity 45

A glossary of some immunological terms useful to 45

biochemistsImmunoglobulin synthesis 46

The immunoglobulin superfamily at the cell surface 46

Immunoassay 47

Production of monoclonal antibodies 49

Proteins of muscle 50

The four classes of protein structures 52

Summary of methods of investigation of the structure 53

and function of proteins 53

3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENZYMESEnzyme properties and kinetics 56

Derivation of the Michaelis-Menten equation 58

Enzyme inhibition 59

International classification of enzymes 60

Nature of the active site and induced fit 60

Evolutionary aspects of protein structure and function 63

Superfamilies:the serpins,homologies and motifs 64

Allosteric properties of enzymes 66

Regulation of enzyme activity 67

Energy,metabolic control and equilibria 70

Regulation of metabolic pathways 71

Analysis of ligand binding 72

Multiple forms of enzymes,isoenzymes 75

Enzymes indiagnosis 76

Metabolism of ethanol 78

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINBIOSYNTHESIS 78

1．Strategies for protein biosynthesis 80

2．Structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids 83

3．Biosynthesis of proteins 100

4．Control of protein synthesis 109

5．Molecular cell biology 112

Introduction 118

6．Recombinant DNA(genetic engineering) 118

Restriction and other enzymes 120

Escherichia coli and alternative vectors 121

Split genes,introns and exons 121

Alternative splicing 122

Mechanism of removal of introns 123

The use of radioactive probes to detect gene sequences 124

Techniques for the determination of the base sequence 125

of DNAAntenatal diagnosis 127

Reverse genetics 128

The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) 129

A brief glossary of terms not previously explained 130

COENZYMES AND WATER-SOLUBLEVITAMINSIntroduction 132

Nicotinamide nucleotides 132

Adenine nucleotide coenzymes 133

Thiamin pyrophosphate 134

Flavin nucleotide coenzymes 135

Coenzyme A 136

Biotin 136

Folate coenzymes 137

Pyridoxal phosphate 138

Vitamin B12 139

Ascorbic acid 139

sugars 142

Monosaccharides 143

Disaccharides 144

Polysaccharides(oligosaccharides) 145

Role of glycosaminoglycans 146

Glucuronic and gluconic acids 147

Uridine diphosphate glucose(UDPG) 147

Hexose interconversions 148

The role of sugars in detoxification 150

NITROGEN METABOLISMEssential and non-essential amino acids 152

Transamination and oxidative deamination 152

The urea cycle 155

The synthesis of non-essential amino acids 157

The catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 159

The formation of thyroid hormones 161

The formation of adrenaline and noradrenaline 162

The metabolism of histidine 163

The metabolism of tryptophan 164

Glutathione and oxygen toxicity 165

Phosphocreatine 166

The synthesis of haem 166

Bile pigments 168

CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT METABOLISMA．Oxidative catabolismForces driving metabolic processes 170

β-oxidation of fatty acids 173

The glycolytic pathway 174

The citric acid cycle 178

Pathway interactions 180

The glucose/fatty acid cycle 181

The electron transport chain—oxidation of NADH 182

and succinateStructural aspects of electron transport 183

Components of the electron transport chain 185

The protonmotive Q cycle 186

Structural aspects of mitochondria 187

Oxidative phosphorylation 188

Respiratory control and uncoupling action 189

Flow chart of electron transport 190

Transport across mitochondrial membranes 191

Mitochondrial regulation of cell function 192

BThefastingstat—glycogenolysis,lipolysis,glueoneogenesisand ketogenesisOverview of the fasting state 196

Details of metabolism in the fasting state 197

Glycogen and its degradation 197

The formation of glucose from glycogen(glycogenolysis) 198

Regulation of phosphorylase 199

The de novo formation of glucose(gluconeogenesis) 199

Key enzymes in gluconeogenesis 201

The Cori cycle 202

The formation of ketone bodies(ketogenesis) 202

Regulation of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis 203

The utilization of ketone bodies 203

The role of carnitine palmitoyltransferases 204

Control of the blood glucose level 204

Disordered blood glucose levels 205

The role of lactate 207

Specialization of metabolism in muscle 207

Glycogen storage disease 208

C．The absorptive state—synthesis of energy storagecompoundsOverview of the fed state 210

Digestive processes during the absorptive state 211

Detailed metabolism in the fed state 213

Biosynthesis of glycogen 214

Glycogen storage diseases 215

Regulation of glycogen synthase 216

Pentose phosphate pathway( pentose shunt ) 216

Lipogenesis 217

Biosynthesis of fatty acids 218

Fatty acid structures 219

Formation of triacylglycerol 220

Chemistry and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins 222

Lipoprotein lipase 223

Formation of cholesterol esters 224

Apolipoproteins 224

An overview of lipoprotein metabolism 225

Biosynthesis of cholesterol 226

Formation of bile acids and the excretion of cholesterol 227

Bile 228

Whole-body regulation of cholesterol metabolism 229

Control of the level of plasma LDL 229

LDL receptor traffic 230

Hyperlipidaemias(hyperlipoproteinaemias) 231

Cholesterol and bile acid recycling 233

Therapeutic strategies for lowering cholesterol 233

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and atherosclerosis 234

D．Phospholipids,other lipid substances andcomplex carbohydratesStructure of phospholipids 236

Synthesis of phospholipids 237

Phospholipases 238

Sphingolipids 239

Steroid hormones 240

The lipid-soluble vitamins A,E,K and D 243

Calcium metabolism 245

Prostaglandins 246

Leukotrienes 248

Structures of complex carbohydrates 249

Glycoproteins 250

Glycoprotein biosynthesis 251

Lactose synthesis 252

The protein secretory pathway-role of the Golgi 253

apparatusThe primary structure of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin 254

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONThe phospholipid bilayer 256

Structure of glycophorin 257

Protein dynamics in the lipid bilayer 257

Receptor structure 258

Fluid nature of cell membranes 260

Cloning of the acetylcholine receptor cDNA 261

Transmission at a cholinergic synapse 263

Adenylylcyclase and G-proteins 264

Anchoring of proteins by lipids 266

Protein kinase A 267

Protein kinase C 268

Calmodulin 269

Phospholipase C and inositol phosphates 270

Protein tyrosine kinases 272

Oncogenes 273

Growth factor receptor activation 274

The endosome system—recycling receptors 275

The role of clathrin 276

Membrane transport 277

The red cell cytoskeleton 277

Actin microfilaments 280

Microtubules 282

Intermediate filaments 283

Cell adhesion 284

INDEX 287