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1 Introduction 1

1．1 Elements of a Digital Communication system 1

1．2 Communication Channcls and Their Characteristics 3

1．3 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels 10

1．4 A Historical Perspective in the Development of Digital Communications 13

1．5 Overview of the Book 15

1．6 Bibliographical Notes and References 16

2 Probability and Stochastic Processes 17

2．1 Probability 17

2．2 Stochastic Processes 61

2．3 Bibliographical Notes and References 75

Problems 75

3．1 Mathematical Models for Information Sources 80

3 Source Coding 80

3．2 A Logarithmic Measure of Information 82

3．3 Coding for Discrete Sources 90

3．4 Coding for Analog Sources—Optimum Quantization 103

3．5 Coding Techniques for Analog Sources 121

3．6 Bibliographical Notes and References 140

Problems 141

4 Characterization of Communication Signals and Systems 148

4．1 Representation of Band-Pass Signals and Systems 148

4．2 Signal Space Representations 158

4．3 Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals 168

4．4 Spectral Characteristics of Digitally Modulated Signals 201

4．5 Bibliographical Notes and References 221

Problems 222

5．1 Optimum Receiver for Signals Corrupted by Additive White Gaussian Noise 231

5 Optimum Receivers for the Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 231

5．2 Performance of the Optimum Receiver for Memoryless Modulation 254

5．3 Optimum Receiver for CPM Signals 283

5．4 Optimum Receiver for Signals with Random Phase in AWGN Channel 300

5．5 Performance Analysis for Wireline and Radio Communication Systems 313

5．6 Bibliographical Notes and References 318

Problems 319

6 Carrier and Symbol Synchronziation 333

6．1 Signal Parameter Estimation 333

6．2 Carrier Phase Estimation 338

6．3 Symbol Timing Estimation 359

6．4 Joint Estimation of Carrier Phase and Symbol Timing 366

6．5 Performance Characteristics of ML Estimators 368

6．6 Bibliographical Notes and References 371

Problems 372

7 Channel Capacity and Coding 376

7．1 Channel Models and Channel Capacity 376

7．2 Random Selection of Codes 392

7．3 Communication System Design Based on the Coutoff Rate 402

7．4 Bibliographical Notes and References 408

Problems 409

8 Block and Convolutional Channel Codes 416

8．1 Linear Block Codes 416

8．2 Convolutional Codes 471

8．3 Coded Modulation for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels—Trellis-Coded Modulation 522

8．4 Bibliographical Notes and References 539

Problems 541

9 Signal Design for Band-Limited Channels 548

9．1 Characterization of Band-Limited Channels 548

9．2 Signal Design for Band-Limited Channels 554

9．3 Probability of Error in Detection of PAM 574

9．4 Modulation Codes for Spectrum Shaping 578

9．5 Bibliographical Notes and References 588

Problems 588

10 Communication Through Band-Limited Linear Filter Channels 598

10．1 Optimum Receiver for Channels with ISI and AWGN 599

10．2 Linear Equalization 616

10．3 Decision-Feedback Equalization 638

10．4 Reduced Complexity ML Detectors 647

10．5 Iterative Equalization and Decoding—Turbo Equalization 649

10．6 Bibliographical Notes and References 651

Problems 652

11 Adaptive Equalization 660

11．1 Adaptive Linear Equalizer 660

11．2 Adaptive Decision-Feedback Equalizer 677

11．3 Adaptive Equalization of Trellis-Coded Signals 678

11．4 Recursive Least-Squares Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization 682

11．5 Self-Rccovering (Blind) Equalization 693

11．6 Bibliographical Notes and Refereneces 704

Problems 705

12 Multichannel and Multicarrier Systems 709

12．1 Multichannel Digital Communications in AWGN Channels 709

12．2 Multicarrier Communications 715

12．3 Bibligraphical Notes and References 723

Problems 724

13 Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Communications 726

13．1 Model of Spread Spectrum Digital Communication System 728

13．2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals 729

13．3 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum Signals 771

13．4 Other Types of Spread Spectrum Signals 784

13．5 Synchronization of Spread Spectrum Systems 786

13．6 Bibliographical Notes and References 792

Problems 794

14 Digital Communications through Fading Multipath Channels 800

14．1 Characterization of Fading Multipath Channels 801

14．2 The Effect of Signal Characteristics on the Choice of a Channel Model 814

14．3 Frequency-Nonselective, Slowly Fading Channel 816

14．4 Diversity Techniques for Fading Multipath Channels 821

14．5 Digital Signaling over a Frequency-Selective, Slowly Fading Channel 840

14．6 Coded Waveforms for Fading Channels 852

14．7 Multiple-Antenna Systems 878

14．8 Bibliographical Notes and References 885

Problems 887

15 Multiuser Communications 896

15．1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 896

15．2 Capacity of Multiple Access Methods 899

15．3 Code-Division Multiple Access 905

15．4 Random Access Methods 922

15．5 Bibliographical Notes and References 931

Problesm 933

Appendix A The Levinson-Durbin Algoritnm 939

Appendix B Error Probability for Multichannel Binary Signals 943

Appendix C Error Probabilities for Adaptive Reception of M-Phase Signals 949

C．1 Mathematical Model for M-Phase Signaling Communication System 949

C．2 Characteristic Function and Probability Density Function of the Phaseθ 952

C．3 Error Probabilities for Slowly Rayleigh Fading Channels 953

C．4 Error Probabilities for Time-Invariant and Ricean Fading Channels 956

Appendix D Square-Root Factorization 961

References and Bibliography 963

Index 993