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1．The Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility 1

1.1．Introduction to Nonlinear Optics 1

1.2．Descriptions of Nonlinear Optical Processes 4

1.3．Formal Definition of the Nonlinear Susceptibility 17

1.4．Nonlinear Susceptibility of a Classical Anharmonic Oscillator 21

1.5．Properties of the Nonlinear Susceptibility 33

1.6．Time-Domain Description of Optical Nonlinearities 52

1.7．Kramers-Kronig Relations in Linear and Nonlinear Optics 58

Problems 63

References 65

2．Wave-Equation Description of Nonlinear Optical Interactions 69

2.1．The Wave Equation for Nonlinear Optical Media 69

2.2．The Coupled-Wave Equations for Sum-Frequency Generation 74

2.3．Phase Matching 79

2.4．Quasi-Phase-Matching 84

2.5．The Manley-Rowe Relations 88

2.6．Sum-Frequency Generation 91

2.7．Second-Harmonic Generation 96

2.8．Difference-Frequency Generation and Parametric Amplification 105

2.9．Optical Parametric Oscillators 108

2.10．Nonlinear Optical Interactions with Focused Gaussian Beams 116

2.11．Nonlinear Optics at an Interface 122

Problems 128

References 132

3．Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility 135

3.1．Introduction 135

3.2．Schr？dinger Calculation of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility 137

3.3．Density Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics 150

3.4．Perturbation Solution of the Density Matrix Equation of Motion 158

3.5．Density Matrix Calculation of the Linear Susceptibility 161

3.6．Density Matrix Calculation of the Second-Order Susceptibility 170

3.7．Density Matrix Calculation of the Third-Order Susceptibility 180

3.8．Electromagnetically Induced Transparency 185

3.9．Local-Field Corrections to the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility 194

Problems 201

References 204

4．The Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index 207

4.1．Descriptions of the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index 207

4.2．Tensor Nature of the Third-Order Susceptibility 211

4.3．Nonresonant Electronic Nonlinearities 221

4.4．Nonlinearities Due to Molecular Orientation 228

4.5．Thermal Nonlinear Optical Effects 235

4.6．Semiconductor Nonlinearities 240

4.7．Concluding Remarks 247

References 251

5．Molecular Origin of the Nonlinear Optical Response 253

5.1．Nonlinear Susceptibilities Calculated Using Time-Independent Perturbation Theory 253

5.2．Semiempirical Models of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility 259

Model of Boling,Glass,and Owyoung 260

5.3．Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers 262

5.4．Bond-Charge Model of Nonlinear Optical Properties 264

5.5．Nonlinear Optics of Chiral Media 268

5.6．Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals 271

Problems 273

References 274

6．Nonlinear Optics in the Two-Level Approximation 277

6.1．Introduction 277

6.2．Density Matrix Equations of Motion for a Two-Level Atom 278

6.3．Steady-State Response of a Two-Level Atom to a Monochromatic Field 285

6.4．Optical Bloch Equations 293

6.5．Rabi Oscillations and Dressed Atomic States 301

6.6．Optical Wave Mixing in Two-Level Systems 313

Problems 326

References 327

7．Processes Resulting from the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index 329

7.1．Self-Focusing of Light and Other Self-Action Effects 329

7.2．Optical Phase Conjugation 342

7.3．Optical Bistability and Optical Switching 359

7.4．Two-Beam Coupling 369

7.5．Pulse Propagation and Temporal Solitons 375

Problems 383

References 388

8．Spontaneous Light Scattering and Acoustooptics 391

8.1．Features of Spontaneous Light Scattering 391

8.2．Microscopic Theory of Light Scattering 396

8.3．Thermodynamic Theory of Scalar Light Scattering 402

8.4．Acoustooptics 413

Problems 427

References 428

9．Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering 429

9.1．Stimulated Scattering Processes 429

9.2．Electrostriction 431

9.3．Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(Induced by Electrostriction) 436

9.4．Phase Conjugation by Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 448

9.5．Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Gases 453

9.6．Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering 455

Problems 468

References 470

10．Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering 473

10.1．The Spontaneous Raman Effect 473

10.2．Spontaneous versus Stimulated Raman Scattering 474

10.3．Stimulated Raman Scattering Described by the Nonlinear Polarization 479

10.4．Stokes-Anti-Stokes Coupling in Stimulated Raman Scattering 488

10.5．Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering 499

10.6．Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering 501

Problems 508

References 508

11．The Electrooptic and Photorefractive Effects 511

11.1．Introduction to the Electrooptic Effect 511

11.2．Linear Electrooptic Effect 512

11.3．Electrooptic Modulators 516

11.4．Introduction to the Photorefractive Effect 523

11.5．Photorefractive Equations of Kukhtarev et al 526

11.6．Two-Beam Coupling in Photorefractive Materials 528

11.7．Four-Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Materials 536

Problems 540

References 540

12．Optically Induced Damage and Multiphoton Absorption 543

12.1．Introduction to Optical Damage 543

12.2．Avalanche-Breakdown Model 544

12.3．Influence of Laser Pulse Duration 546

12.4．Direct Photoionization 548

12.5．Multiphoton Absorption and Multiphoton Ionization 549

Problems 559

References 559

13．Ultrafast and Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics 561

13.1．Introduction 561

13.2．Ultrashort Pulse Propagation Equation 561

13.3．Interpretation of the Ultrashort-pulse Propagation Equation 567

13.4．Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics 571

13.5．Motion of a Free Electron in a Laser Field 572

13.6．High-Harmonic Generation 575

13.7．Nonlinear Optics of Plasmas and Relativistic Nonlinear Optics 579

13.8．Nonlinear Quantum Electrodynamics 583

Problem 586

References 586

Appendices 589

A．The SI System of Units 589

Further reading 596

B．The Gaussian System of Units 596

Further reading 600

C．Systems of Units in Nonlinear Optics 600

D．Relationship between Intensity and Field Strength 602

E．Physical Constants 603

Index 605