增进大学英语语法PDF电子书下载

前言(Foreword) 1

第一编 语法概说(A Brief Survey of English Grammar) 3

第一章 “语法”释义(Definitions of Grammar) 3

1.1 语法研究的历史回顾(A Review of Grammar Research) 4

1.1.1 语法研究与语言教学(Grammar Research and Language Teaching) 4

1.1.2 传统语法(Traditional Grammar) 5

1.1.3 美国行为--结构主义语法(American Behaviorist-Structural Grammar) 6

1.1.4 乔姆斯基的转换生成语法(Chomsky s Transformational-Generative Grammar) 6

1.1.5 韩礼德的系统--功能语法(Halliday s Systemic-Functional Grammar) 7

1.2 描写主义还是规定主义？(Descriptivism or Prescriptivism?) 8

1.2.1 描写主义(Descriptivism) 9

1.2.2 规定主义(Prescriptivism) 9

2.1.1 按词的意义分类(Classification Based upon Meanings) 13

2.1.3 按词源分类(Classification Based upon Etymology) 13

2.1.2 按词的形态分类(Classification Based upon Forms) 13

2.2 名词的数(The Number of Nouns) 13

2.1 名词的分类(Classification of Nouns) 13

第二章 名词(Nouns) 13

第二编 词法(Morphology) 13

2.2.1 集体名词(Collective Nouns) 14

2.2.2 物质名词(Material Nouns) 15

2.2.3 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 16

2.2.4 一些容易在可数性上发生误解的词(Nouns Easy to be Misunderstood in Countability) 21

2.2.5 形态特殊的名词的单、复数变化(Variations of the Number of Nouns with Special Forms) 24

2.2.6 由形容词、动名词、分词转化来的名词的数(The Number of Nouns Converted from Adjectives, Gerunds and Participles) 27

2.2.7 复合名词、缩略词、拼缀词及首字母缩略词的复数形式(Plural Forms of Compound Nouns, Abbreviations, Blendings and Acronyms) 30

2.3 名词的格(The Case of Nouns) 32

2.3.1 属格表示的意义关系(Meanings of the Genitive) 33

2.3.2 两种属格使用场合的区别(Different Uses of the Two Genitives on Different Occasions) 34

2.3.3 -’s属格变为n+n形式与of-属格变为复合名词(- s Genitive→n+n and of-Genitive→Compound Nouns) 36

2.3.4 -’s属格省略形式(Ellipses of- s Genitive) 37

2.3.5 一些固定用-’s属格的词组(Expressions with - s Genitive) 38

2.3.6 双重属格 Double Genitive) 38

2.4 名词的性(The Gender of Nouns) 40

2.4.1 英语名词的性(The Gender of English Nouns) 40

2.4.2 名词的性的表示方法(Gender Distinctions) 41

2.4.3 代词与名词在“性”上的一致(Agreement of Pronouns and Nouns in Gender) 42

2.5.2 名词词组的修饰语(Modifiers of Noun Phrases) 45

2.5 名词词组(Noun Phrases) 45

2.5.1 定义及组成(Definition and Composition) 45

2.6 名词(词组)的句法功能(Syntactic Functions of Nouns and Noun Phrases) 48

2.6.1 名词(词组)转化为连接词引导时间状语从句(Nouns and Noun Phrases Converted to Conjunctions to lntroduce Adverbial Clauses of Time) 48

2.6.2 名词(词组)作状语(Nouns and Noun Phrases as Adverbials) 49

2.6.3 名词(词组)作定语(Nouns and Noun Phrases as Attributes) 50

第三章 代词(Pronouns) 52

3.1 代词的定义(Definition of Pronouns) 52

3.2 代词的格(The Case of Pronouns) 52

3.3 代词的数(The Number of Pronouns) 54

3.4 代词的性(The Gender of Pronouns) 56

3.5 代词的分类(Classification of Pronouns) 57

3.5.1 人称代词(Personal Pronouns) 57

3.5.2 物主代词(Possessive Pronouns) 64

3.5.3 反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns) 66

3.5.4 相互代词(Reciprocal Pronouns) 68

3.5.5 指示代词(Demonstrative Pronouns) 68

3.5.6 疑问代词(Interrogative Pronouns) 69

3.5.7 关系代词(Relative Pronouns) 71

3.5.8 连结代词(Conjunctive Pronoun) 74

3.5.9 不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns) 76

第四章 形容词(Adjectives) 89

4.1 形容词的定义(Definition of Adjectives) 89

4.2 形容词的功用(Functions of Adjectives) 89

4.2.1 定语(Attributes) 89

4.2.2 表语(Predicatives) 89

4.2.3 宾语补语(Object Complements) 89

4.2.6 状语(Adverbials) 90

4.2.4 主语补语(Subject Complements) 90

4.2.5 主语或宾语(Subjects or Objects) 90

4.3 形容词的类别(Kinds of Adjectives) 91

4.3.1 根据形容词的词形分类(Classification Based upon the Forms of Adjectives) 91

4.3.2 根据形容词的功用分类(Classification Based upon the Functions of Adjectives) 92

4.3.3 根据形容词的位置分类(Classification Based upon the Positions of Adjectives) 98

4.3.4 根据形容词的语义分类(Classification Based upon the Semantic Study of Adjectives) 101

4.4 修饰性形容词的语序(Word Order of Modifying Adjectives) 101

4.4.4 表示颜色的形容词(Adjectives Denoting Colours) 102

4.4.3 表示长短，大小，形状，年龄，胖瘦的形容词(Adjectives Denoting Length, Size, Shape, Age and Physique) 102

4.4.2 性质形容词(Qualitative Adjectives) 102

4.4.1 强化形容词(Enhancing Adjectives) 102

4.4.5 表示国籍，出生地或地位的形容词(Adjectives Denoting Nationality, Place of Birth or Status) 103

4.4.6 表示基本属性类或构成物体的物质的形容词(或名词)(Adjectives Denoting Basic Attribute or substance) 103

4.5 and在形容词之间的用法(Applications of “and”Between Adjectives) 104

4.6 形容词的比较等级(Degrees of Adjectives) 105

4.6.1 形容词的原级(Positive Degree of Adjectives 105

4.6.2 形容词的比较级(Comparative Degree of Adjectives 106

4.6.3 形容词的最高级(Superlative Degree of Adjectives)) 108

4.6.4 形容词的比较级形式和最高级形式的构成(Composition of Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjectives) 110

4.6.5 最高级有时不表示比较(Superlative Degree Not Denoting Comparison Sometimes) 113

第五章 限定词(Determiners) 114

5.1 概说(Overview) 114

5.1.1 限定词的定义(Definition of Determiners) 114

5.1.2 限定词的种类(Kinds of Determiners) 114

5.1.3 限定词的搭配和词序(Collocations and Orders of Determiners) 114

5.2 冠词(Articles) 115

5.2.1 冠词及其指称意义(Articles and Their Deictic Meanings) 115

5.2.2 不定冠词a/an(Indefinite Article“a/an”) 116

5.2.3 定冠词the(Definite Article“the”) 121

5.2.4 零冠词(Zero Article) 127

5.2.5 不同冠词的用法比较(Compartison Between the Uses of Different Articles) 135

5.3 数词(Numerals) 142

5.3.1 数词的种类和句法功能(Kinds and Grammatical Functions of Numerals) 142

5.3.2 作为限定词的数词(Numerals as Determiners) 143

5.3.3 数词的其它用法(Other Uses of Numerals) 145

5.4 量词(Measure Words) 150

5.4.1 量词的概念及其英汉对比(Definition of Measure Words and the Contrast of Their Uses Between English and Chinese) 150

5.4.2 单位词的限定作用以及与名词的搭配(Determinative Functions of Partitives and Their Collocations with Nouns) 152

第六章 动词(Verbs) 156

6.1 动词的分类(Classification of Verbs) 156

6.1.1 传统分类(Traditional Classification) 156

6.1.2 按表达动作时间的长短分类(Classification Based on the Length of Action Time) 163

6.1.3 按动、静态分类(Classification Based on Dynamic or Static States) 166

6.1.4 按及物性分类(Classification Based on Transitivity) 170

6.1.5 按词源分类(Classification Based on Etymology) 175

6.1.6 按变位分类(Classification Based on Positional Transformation) 178

6.1.7 短语动词(Phrasal Verbs) 183

6.2 动词的时态(Tenses of Verbs) 197

6.3 被动语态(Passive Voice) 228

6.4 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Moods) 256

第七章 非限定动词(Non-finite Verbs) 283

7.1 概说(Overview) 283

7.1.1 非限定动词的种类和特点(Varieties and Characteristics of Non-finite Verbs) 283

7.1.2 非限定动词的时态与形式(Tenses and Forms of Non-finite Verbs) 285

7.2 动词不定式(Infinitives) 293

7.2.1 作主语和表语用的不定式(Infinitives as Subjects and Predicatives) 293

7.2.2 作宾语用的不定式(Infinitives as Objects) 295

7.2.3 作定语和同位语用的不定式(Infinitives as Attributes and Appositives) 302

7.2.4 作状语用的不定式(Infinitives as Adverbials) 310

7.2.5 复合结构中的不定式(Infinitives as Objects Complement or Subject Complement 315

7.2.6 不带to的不定式(Infinitives Without “to”) 322

7.2.7 省去动词原形的不定式(Elliptical Infinitives) 328

7.2.8 修饰不定式的副词的位置及分裂不定式(Split Infinitives and the Position of Adverbs modifying Infinitives) 329

7.3 动名词(Gerunds) 329

7.3.1 作主语和表语用的动名词(Gerunds as Subjects and Predicatives) 329

7.3.2 作宾语用的动名词(Gerunds as Objects) 331

7.3.4 作同位语用的动名词(Gerunds as Appositives) 341

7.3.3 作定语用的动名词(Gerunds as Attributes) 341

7.3.5 动名词的复合结构(Gerundial Complex Construction) 342

7.3.6 名词化的动名词(Verbal Nouns) 343

7.3.7 动名词与不定式的比较(Gerunds and Infinitives Compared) 345

7.4 分词(Participles) 354

7.4.1 作表语用的分词(Participles as Predicatives) 354

7.4.2 作定语用的分词(Participles as Attributes) 355

7.4.3 作状语用的分词(Participles as Adverbials) 356

7.4.4 用在复合结构中的分词(Participles as Object Complements) 361

7.4.5 现在分词与过去分词的比较(Present Participles and Past Participles Compared) 363

7.4.6 现在分词与动名词的比较(Present Participles and Gerunds Compared) 366

7.4.7 分词与不定式的比较(Participles and Infinitives Compared) 367

7.5 独立分句(Absolute Construction) 370

7.5.1 独立分句的定义(Definition of the Absolute Construction) 370

7.5.2 独立分句的构成(Composition of the Absolute Construction) 370

7.5.3 独立分句的功能和意义(Functions of the Absolute Construction and Their Meanings) 372

7.5.4 独立分句的位置(Positions of the Absolute Construction) 374

7.5.5 独立分句的转换关系(Transformations of the Absolute Construction) 375

8.2.1 根据词义分类(Classification Based on Word Meanings) 377

8.2 副词的种类(Varieties of Adverbs) 377

第八章 副词(Adverbs) 377

8.1 副词的定义(Definition of Adverbs) 377

8.2.2 根据功用分类(Classification Based on Functions) 379

8.2.3 根据形态分类(Classification Based on Forms) 380

8.3 副词的比较等级(Degrees of Adverbs) 382

8.3.1 副词比较等级的构成(Composition of Degrees of Adverbs) 382

8.3.2 副词比较结构的用法(Uses of Comparative Structures of Adverbs) 383

8.4 副词的位置(Positions of Adverbs) 384

8.5.1 做状语的副词(Adverbs as Adverbials) 387

8.5 副词的功用(Functions of Adverbs) 387

8.5.2 作表语的副词(Adverbs as Predicatives) 388

8.5.3 作定语的副词(Adverbs as Attributes) 389

8.6 和形容词同形的副词(Adverbs and Adjectives with the Same Form) 389

8.7 两种不同形式的副词(Adverbs with Two Different Forms) 391

第九章 介词(Prepositions) 398

9.1 介词的定义(Definition of Prepositions) 398

9.2 介词的分类(Classification of Prepositions) 398

9.2.1 根据介词的形式分类(Classification Based on Forms) 398

9.2.2 根据介词的意义分类(Classification Based on Word Meanings) 399

9.2.3 根据介词的性质分类(Classification Based on Morphological Features) 402

9.3 介词短语的构成(Composition of Prepositional Phrases) 404

9.3.1 介词+名词(短语)(Preposition+a Noun or a Noun Phrase) 404

9.3.2 介词+动名词或动名词短语、或动名词复合结构(Preposition+a Gerund or a Gerundial Phrase or a Gerundial Complex) 405

9.3.3 介词+名词性从句(Preposition+the Noun Clause) 406

9.3.4 介词+形容词(Preposition+Adjectives) 406

9.3.5 介词+副词(Preposition+Adverbs) 406

9.3.7 介词+数词(Preposition+the Numeral) 407

9.3.6 介词+不定式、或不定式短语、或不定式复合结构(Preposition+an Infinitive or an Infinitive Phrase or an Infinitival Complex) 407

9.4 介词短语的功能(Functions of Prepositional Phrases) 408

9.4.1 用作状语(Prepositions as Adverbials) 408

9.4.2 作主语补足语(Prepositions as Subjects Complements) 413

9.4.3 作宾语补足语(Prepositions as Objects Complements) 413

9.4.4 作名词的修饰语(Prepositions as Noun Modifiers) 413

9.4.5 作动词短语中的补足成分(Prepositions as Complements to Verbal Phrases) 414

9.4.6 作形容词短语中的补足成分(Prepositions as Complements to Adjectival Phrases) 414

9.5.2 连结代词或连结副词作介词的宾语(Conjunctive Pronouns and Conjunctive Adverbs as Objects of Prepositional Collocations) 415

9.5.1 疑问代词或疑问副词作介词的宾语(Interrogative Pronouns and Interrogative Adverbs as Objects of Prepositional Collocations) 415

9.5 介词的位置(Positions of Prepositions) 415

9.4.8 介词短语作另一个介词的宾语(The Prepositional Phrase as an Object of Another Preposition) 415

9.4.7 作主语(Prepositions as Subjects) 415

9.5.3 关系代词作介词的宾语(Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositional Collocations) 416

9.5.4 在被动句中的后置介词(Prepositions of Post Position in Sentences of Passive Voice) 416

9.5.5 句中宾语被动词不定式+介词所修饰(Objects Modified by an Infinitive+a Preposition) 416

9.6 介词与其它词的搭配(Collocation of Prepositions with Other Words) 417

9.6.1 介词+介词宾语用在形容词和一些用作形容词的过去分词的后面(Adjectives or Adjectival Participles Followed by a Preposition+a Prepositional Object) 417

9.6.2 与动词的搭配(Collocation with Verbs) 420

9.6.3 与名词的搭配(Collocation with Nouns) 423

9.7 短语介词和介词短语(Phrasal Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases) 425

9.8 常用近义词的区别(Differences Between Commonly-Used Near-synonymous Prepositions) 427

9.9 介词词组与从属分句的相互转换(Transformation of Prepositional Word Groups to Subordinative Clauses and Vice Versa) 439

9.10 介词的引伸意义(Extended Meanings of Prepositions) 440

第十章 连结词(Conjunctions) 442

10.1 连词的定义(Definition of Conjunctions) 442

10.2 连词的种类(Varieties of Conjunctions) 442

10.3 连词的作用(Functions of Conjunctions) 442

10.3.1 并列连词的作用(Functions of Coordinating Conjunctions) 442

10.3.2 从属连词的作用(Functions of Subordinating Conjunctions) 444

10.4 主要的并列连词(Major Coordinating Conjunctions) 446

10.4.1 简单并列连词(Simple Coordingating Conjunctions) 446

10.4.2 关联并列连词(Correlative Corrdinating Conjunctions) 450

10.4.3 短语并列连词(Phrasal Coordinating Conjunctions) 452

10.5 主要的从属连词(Major Subordinating Conjunctions) 453

10.5.1 简单从属连词(Simple Subordinating Conjunctions) 453

10.5.2 短语从属连词(Phrasal Subordinating Conjunctions) 459

10.5.3 分词形式的从属连词(Participles as Conjunctions) 462

10.5.4 关联从属连词(Correlative Subordinating Conjunctions 463

10.6 古体连词(Archaic Conjunctions) 465

10.7 连词的修饰语(Modifiers of Conjunctions) 466

第十一章 感叹词(Interjections) 467

11.1 概述(Overview) 467

11.2 一些常用的感叹词及其用法(Some Commonly-used Interjections and Their Uses) 468

11.3 一些界限模糊的感叹现象(Some Expressions of Interjection with Fuzzy Circumscription) 480

11.3.1 语气大于语义，色彩重于规范(Tones Greater than Word Meanings, Shades of Meaning Overweighing Stereotypes) 480

11.3.2 感叹词在翻译中的灵活性(Flexibility of Translating Interjections) 487

12.1 句子(Sentence) 491

12.2 句子成分和语序(Members of Sentence and Word Order) 491

第十二章 句子成分(Members of Sentence) 491

第三编 句法(Syntax) 491

12.3 主语(Subject) 492

12.3.1 可以充当主语的词类短语或从句(Parts of Speech, Phrases or Clauses as Subjects) 492

12.3.2 一般主语表示法(Usual Identifications as Subjects) 492

12.3.3 it作主语(“it”as a Subject) 494

12.3.4 there引导的句子中的主语(Subjects in the Sentences Introduced by “there”) 496

12.3.5 主语补足语(Subject Complements) 497

12.4.1 简单谓语(Simple Predicate) 498

12.4 谓语(Predicate) 498

12.4.2 复合谓语(Compound Predicate) 499

12.5 宾语(Object) 500

12.5.1 直接宾语和间接宾语(Direct and Indirect Objects) 500

12.5.2 可以充当宾语的词类短语和从句(Parts of Specch,Phases or Clauses as Objects) 502

12.5.3 复合宾语(Complex Object) 504

12.5.4 同源宾语(Cognate Object) 505

12.6 定语(Attribute) 506

12.6.1 可以充当定语的词类、短语或从句(Parts of Speech, Phrases or Clauses as Attributes) 507

12.6.2 英语中定语的位置(Positions of Attributes) 510

12.7.1 可以充当状语的词类、短语的从句(Parts of Speech, Phrases or Clauses as Adverbials) 511

12.7 状语(Adverbial) 511

12.7.2 英语中状语的位置(Positions of Adverbials) 513

12.8 表语(Predicative) 513

12.8.1 英语常用的联系动词(Link Verbs in Common Use) 513

12.8.2 可以充当表语的词类、短语和从句(Parts of Speech, Phrases or Clauses as Predicatives) 513

12.8.3 表语表示法(Identification of Predicatives) 514

12.8.4 英语中表语的位置(Positions of Predicatives) 516

12.9 同位语(Appositive) 516

12.10.1 主谓一致关系的三条原则(Three Principles Governing the Agreement Between Subject and Predicate) 518

12.10 主谓一致(Agreement Between Subject and Predicate) 518

12.10.2 主谓一致关系中的一些特殊情况(Special Cases in the Agreement Between Subject and Predicate) 520

第十三章 句式(Sentence Patterns) 527

13.1 陈述句(Declarative Sentence) 527

13.2 疑问句(Interrogative Sentence) 527

13.2.1 一般疑问句(General Question) 528

13.2.2 特殊疑问句(Special Question) 530

13.2.3 选择疑问句(Alternative Question) 531

13.2.4 反意疑问句(Disjunctive Question) 532

13.3 祈使句(Imperative Sentence) 534

13.4 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence) 537

13.5 特殊句式(Special Sentence Patterns) 538

13.5.1 存在句式(There Constraction) 538

13.5.2 倒装句式(Inversion) 546

13.5.3 强调句式(Emphasis) 551

13.5.4 省略句式(Ellipsis) 555

13.5.5 否定句式(Negation) 566

第十四章 句子的种类(Varieties of Sentence) 590

14.1 简单句(Simple Sentence) 590

14.2 并列句(Compound Sentence) 590

14.3 复合句(Complex Sentence) 591

14.3.1 汉语和英语的差异(Differences Between English and Chinese) 592

14.3.2 状语从句(Adverbial Clauses) 592

14.3.3 定语从句(Attributive Clauses) 605

14.3.4 名词从句(Noun Clauses) 613

第十五章 转换(Conversion) 633

15.1 转换的概念(Conception of Conversion) 633

15.2 简单句型之间的转换(Conversion from One Simple Sentence to Another) 633

15.2.1 带有引词“it”句型的转换(Conversion of Sentences with Introductory Word “it”) 633

15.2.2 带有引词“there”句型的转换(Conversion of Sentences with Introductory Word “there”) 636

15.2.4 一些同义句型的转换(Conversion of Some Synonymous Structures) 637

15.2.3 带有的“it”句型转换成带有“there”的句型(Conversion of “it”Coustruction into“there” Construction 637

15.3 复合句型之间的转换(直接引语和间接引语的转换)(Conversion of Compound Structures from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech) 639

15.3.1 直接陈述句和间接陈述句的转换(Conversion of Direct Statement into Indirect Statement) 639

15.3.2 直接疑问句和间接疑问句的转换(Conversion of Direct Interrogative Sentence into Indirect Interrogative Sentence) 639

15.3.3 直接惊叹句和间接惊叹句的转换(Conversion of Direct Exclamation into Indirect Exclamation) 640

15.3.4 直接祈使句和间接祈使句的转换(Conversion of Direct Imperative Sentence into Indirect Imperative Sentence) 641

15.4 各种句型之间的转换(Conversion of One Kind of Sentence into Another) 641

15.4.1 简单句型和并列句型的转换(Conversion of Simple Sentence into Compound Sentence and Vice Versa) 641

15.4.2 简单句型和复合句型的转换(Conversion of Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence and Vice Versa) 645

15.4.3 并列句型和复合句型的转换(Conversion of Compound Sentence into Complex Sentence and Vice Versa) 652

15.5 各种句型的结合(Synthesis of Different Kinds of Sentence Structures) 655

15.5.1 简单句型结合为简单句型(Synthesis of Simple Sentence into Another Simple Sentence) 655

15.5.2 简单句型结合为并列句型(Synthesis of Simple Sentence into Compound Sentence) 657

15.5.3 简单句型结合为复合句型(Synthesis of Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence) 658

15.6 各种句型的分离(Split of Varieties of Sentence) 660

15.6.1 简单句型分离为简单句型(Split of One Simple Sentence into to Simple Senterces) 660

15.6.2 并列句型分离为简单句型(Split of a Compound Sentence into Simple Sentences) 662

15.6.3 复合句型分离为简单句型(Split of a Complex Sentence into Simple Sentences) 665

参考书目(Bibliography) 670