人类语言学入门 英文版PDF电子书下载

PartⅠ Introduction 1

1 Introduction 3

Meaning, Cognition and the Domain of Anthropological Linguistics 3

The Nature of Meaning 5

Meaning as Mental Representation 7

Meaning as Enaction 8

Social Phenomena 11

Culture as Embodied Practice 12

Preface by Halliday F 13

王宗炎序 F 14

Meaning in Cultural Practice-Symbolic Anthropology 15

Preface by Chomsky F 17

Culture as Cognition-Cognitive Anthropology 18

Cultural Practices and Social Differentiation 21

沈家煊序 F 24

The Idea of Linguistic Practices 24

The Nature of the Linguistic Sign: Icon, Index, Symbol 25

导读 F 27

Language as Signs and their Combinations 27

Grammar: The Computational System 29

Grammar: The Conceptual System 33

Preface F 36

Grammatical Categories 37

Acknowledgments F 38

Summary 40

Further Reading 40

PartⅡ The Evolution of Language 41

2 The Evolution of Language 43

Evolution as Natural Drift 43

Human Evolution: From Apes to Modern Humans 48

Australopithecines 50

Homo Habilis 52

Homo Erectus 54

Homo Sapiens 55

Increase in Brain Size 59

Language versus Speech 61

Lateralization and the Anatomical Bases of Language 61

Precursors of Language in Apes 63

The Development of Human Language 66

The Social Dimension to Language Evolution 68

The Evolution of Language in the Genus Homo 70

Summary 74

Epilog: Are Great Apes Capable of Language? 75

Further Reading 78

PartⅢ Universalism: Innate Constraints on Mind 79

Plato s Cave and the Theory of Universal Innate Ideas 81

3 Mind, Universals, and the Sensible World 81

The Kantian Synthesis 83

The Kantian Legacy 84

The Use of Representations in Cognitive Studies 86

Universals and Representations 87

Challenges to Representations: Connectionism and Enactionism 89

Summary 90

Further Reading 91

4 Structuralism 92

Saussure 92

Structuralism Illustrated: The Phoneme 93

Contributions of the Prague School 94

Structuralism and the Meaning of the Sign 96

Levi-Strauss s Innovations 98

An Example of Structural Analysis in Anthropology: Taboo in English 101

Further Reading 105

Summary 105

5 Cognitive Anthropology 106

The Intellectual Background of Cognitive Anthropology 106

Componential Analysis 108

Taxonomy 112

Universalist Trends in Cognitive Anthropology 114

Biological Taxonomies: Berlin s Approach to Ethnobiological Classification 115

Classification and Hidden Nature 120

Challenges to Berlin s Approach 122

Taxonomies in Other Domains? 124

Partonomy 125

Scripts and Cultural Practices 126

Summary 129

Further Reading 130

The Terms of Kinship Analysis 131

6 Kinship 131

Universals of Kinship 132

An Analysis of Watam Consanguineal Kin Terms 134

Lounsbury s Reduction Rules and Universals of Kinship 139

Crow-type Kinship Systems 141

Trobriand Kinship and the Skewing Rule 143

Universals and Variation in Kinship Systems 145

Relativist Responses to Universalist Approaches to Kinship 146

Summary 148

Further Reading 149

7 Color 150

The Neurophysiology of Color 150

Color Categorization 152

Types of Basic Color Terminologies 154

Universal Constraints on Basic Color Terminologies 159

Relativist Responses to Proposed Universals of Color Terminologies 160

Summary 164

Further Reading 165

PartⅣ Relativism: Cultural and Linguistic Constraints on Mind 167

8 On Relativist Understanding 169

The Idea of Relativism 169

The Problem of Translation 170

The Bridgehead of Understanding 171

Hermeneutics 173

Hermeneutics and Translation of Grammatical Categories 175

Relativism and Enactionism 176

Summary 177

Further Reading 178

9 Models and Metaphors 179

Models for Understanding 179

Metaphor as Constitutive of Understanding 182

Metaphor and Embodied Experience 183

The Conduit Metaphor and the Understanding of Meaning 185

Cultural Models and Metaphors: Emotions in American English 187

Models, Metaphors, and Grammatical Categories 188

Summary 191

Further Reading 191

10 Linguistic Relativity and the Boasian Tradition 192

The Boasian Tradition and its European Precursors 192

Boas 194

Sapir 196

Whorf 199

Whorf s Theory of Cognitive Appropriation 203

Neo-Whorfianism: The Empirical Studies of Lucy 208

Silverstein s Reformulation 211

Summary 213

Further Reading 214

11 Space 215

Proposed Universals of Space 215

Relativities in Spatial Conceptualization: The Case of Guugu-Yimidhirr 216

Testing for Relativites of Understanding 218

Another Example: Tzeltal of Mexico 222

Topological Propertices of Space 225

Relativities of Spatial Conception and Language Acquisition 227

Summary 228

Further Reading 229

12 Classifiers 230

Ontological Relativity 230

The Nature of Classifiers 232

Typology of Classifier Systems 235

Cognitive Consequences of Ontological Relativity 239

Universal Ontology versus Ontological Relativity 241

Summary 245

Further Reading 245

PartⅤ The Ethnography of Speaking 247

13 Speaking as a Culturally Constructed Act: A Few Examples 249

Communicative Relativity 249

Language in Litigation: The Courtroom 250

Talking Among Australian Aboriginals 252

Language and Disputes Among the Ilongot of the Philippines 254

Greetings: Australo-American and African Style 256

Summary 259

Further Reading 259

14 Politeness, Face, and the Linguistic Construction of Personhood 260

Linguistic Practices, Person and Habitus 260

The Construction of Personhood 261

Self versus Person 262

Local Conceptions of Personhood 264

The Linguistic Construction of Personhood and the Concept of Face 269

Politeness, and Positive and Negative Face 270

Crosscultural Differences in Politeness and Face 273

The Cooperative Principle and its Conversational Maxims 275

Crosscultural Variation of the Cooperative Principle: The Malagasy Case 278

The Cooperative Principle and the Determination of Meaning 280

Local Constructions of Personhood and Linguistic Relativity 282

Summary 284

Further Reading 285

15 Language and Gender 286

The Cultural Construction of Gender 286

Gender Differences in Linguistic Practices: Three Cultures 289

Male Linguistic Dominance in American English 293

The Two Cultures Model 296

Gender Deixis 299

Gender Markers 301

Women and Linguistic Conservatism 302

Women and Politeness 304

Summary 305

Further Reading 306

16 Language and Social Position 307

Social Inequality: Class, Power, and Prestige 307

Social Roles 310

Other Types of Social Structure 311

Social Deixis: The T/V Phenomenon 313

Social Deixis and Honorifics: Fapanese 318

Social Deixis and Honorifics: Favanese 323

Social Deixis in Egalitarian Societies: Age and Kinship Relations 326

Social Markers: Sociolinguistic Variables 328

Social Markers: Code Switching 333

Social Markers and Ethnicity 337

Summary 342

Further Reading 343

17 Language Socialization 345

The Acquisition of Communicative Competence: Three Cultures 345

Linguistic Socialization of Gender Roles 348

Linguistic Socialization of Status Roles 351

The Acquisition of Communicative Norms 354

Summary 357

Further Reading 358

18 Genre: Poetics, Ritual Languages, and Verbal Art 359

Genres and Framing 360

Intertextuality 360

The Poetic Function 362

Framing Devices: Lexical Shifts 364

Parallelism 366

Paralinguistic Features 370

Genres and Context 371

Intertextual Caps 372

Minimizing Intertextual Gaps 373

Maximizing Intertextual Gaps 375

Summary 377

Further Reading 378

PartⅥ Culture and Language Change 379

19 Contact Induced Language Change 381

Sources of Cultural Change 381

Linguistic Change 383

Types of Linguistic Change: Borrowing and Interference 384

Interference and Multilingualism 389

Linguistic Areas 391

Pidgin Langusages 392

Language Death 395

Summary 396

Further Reading 397

20 Standard Languages and Linguistic Engineering 398

The Concept of the Nation-State and the National Language 398

The Development of Standard English 400

The Fate of Dutch as a Standard language 403

Standard Languages in Norway 405

Building National Identities 406

Standard Languages and Elite Hegemony 408

Forging a Standard Language: The Case of Indonesian 410

Modernization in Language Standardization 413

The Westernization of Standard Thai 415

Summary 415

Further Reading 416

The Cognitive Consequences of Literacy 417

21 Literacy 417

Written Language as Decontextualized 420

Literacy as a Social Force 421

Cognitive Effects: Literacy versus Schooling 423

The Practice Approach to Literacy 424

The Oral / L iterate Continuum 425

Literacy, Genres, and Privilege 427

Literacy Practices in Three American Communities 429

Literacy Practices Among the Athabaskans of Canada 431

Literacy Practices Among the Gapun of New Guinea 432

Summary 433

Further Reading 434

References 435

Index 469

文库索引 496