系统分析与设计 英文版PDF电子书下载

PART 1 The Modern Systems Analyst 2

CHAPTER 1 The World of the Modern Systems Analyst 2

CONTENTS 2

A Systems Analystat Rutherford Manufacturing 3

The Analystas a Business Problem Solver 4

Systems That Solve Busihess Problems 6

Information Systems 6

Types of Information Systems 8

Required Skills of the Systems Analyst 10

Technical Knowledgeand Skills 10

Business Knowiedge and Skills 11

People Knowledge and Skills 11

The Environment Surrounding the Analyst 12

Types of Technology Encountered 12

A Few Words about Integrity and Ethics 12

Typical Job Titles and Places of Employment 13

The Analyst's Role in Strategic Planning 14

Special Projects 14

Strategic Planning Processes 14

Information Systems Strategic Planning 14

Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) 15

Strategic Systems Plan for Rocky Mountain Outfitters 16

Overview of Rocky Mountain Outfitters 16

Organization and Locations 17

Information Systems Department Organization 18

Existing Systems 19

The Information Systems Strategic Plan 20

Two Major New Systems 21

The Analyst as a System Developer(The Heart of the Course) 22

Part 1:The Modem Systems Analyst 22

Part 2:Systems Analysis Tasks 23

Part 3:System Design Tasks 24

Part 4:System Implementation and Support 24

Summary 25

Key Terms 25

Review Questions 25

Thinking Critically 26

Experiential Exercises 26

Case Study 27

Association for Information Technology Professionals Meeting 27

Further Resources 27

CHAPTER 2 The Analyst as a Project Manager 28

BlueS Sky Family of Mutual Funds:Managing the IRA Project 29

Systems Development Projects and the SDLC 30

The Systems Development Life Cycle 30

The First Four Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle 31

Scheduling of Project Phases 35

The Project Team 36

Project Management 38

Planning and Organizing 39

Directing—Executing，Monitoring,and Controlling 39

Project Initiation 40

Project Initiation for Rocky Mountain Outfitters 41

The Project Planning Phase 41

Defining the Problem 42

Confirming Project Peasibility 45

Developing the Project Schedule 52

Staffing the Project 56

Launching the Project 57

Summary 57

Key Terms 57

Thinking Critically 58

Review Questions 58

Experiential Exercises 59

Case Study 60

Custom Load Trucking 60

Further Resources 60

CHAPTER 3 Approaches to System Development 62

Development Approaches at Ajax Corporation,Consolidated Concepts,and Pinnacle Manufacturing 63

Methodologies,Models,Tools,and Techniques 64

Methodologies 64

Model……………………………………s 64

Tools 65

Techniques 66

Three Approaches to System Development 67

The Structured Approach 67

The Information Engineering Approach 72

The Object-Oriented Approach 73

System Development Life Cycle Variations 75

Variations of the Phases(Waterfall Models) 76

Variations Based on Iteration 77

Variations Based on an Emphasis on People 78

Variations Based on Speed of Development 79

Computer-Aided System Engineering(CASE)Tools 80

Analysis and Design Phases in More Detail 83

The Analysis Phase 83

The Design Phase 87

Summary 90

Key Terms 91

Review Questions 91

Thinking Critically 91

Case Study 92

Factory System Development Project 92

Experiential Exercises 92

Further Resources 93

PART 2 Systems Analysis Tasks 96

CHAPTER 4 Investigating System Requirements 96

Providing Customer Service—and Gasoline—at Convenience America 97

Functional and Technical Requirements 98

Stakeholders—the Source of System Requirements 99

User Stakeholders 100

Client Stakeholders 101

Technical Stakeholders 102

The Stakeholders for Rocky Mountain Outfitters 102

Identifying System Requirements 104

Distribute and Collect Questionnaires 106

Review Existing Reports,Forms,and Procedure Descriptions 107

Conduct Interviews and Discussions with Users 108

Observe Business Processes and Workflows 112

Building Prototypes 113

Conduct Joint Application Design Sessions 113

Structured Walkthroughs 116

What and When 117

Who 117

How 118

Business Process Reengineering 119

Summary 120

Key Terms 121

Review Questions 122

Thinking Critically 122

Experiential Exercises 122

Case Study 123

John and Jacob,Inc.On-Line Trading System 123

Further Resources 124

CHAPTER 5 Modeling System Requirements:Events and Things 126

Waiters on Wheels:Computerized Delivery Tracking 127

Models and Modeling 128

The Purpose of Models 128

Types of Models 130

Overview of Models used in Analysis and Design 132

Events and System Requirements 133

The Background of the Event Concept 134

Types of Events 135

Identifying Events 136

Events in the Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case 139

Looking at Each Event 140

Things and System Requirements 142

Types of Things 143

Relationships among Things 144

Attributes of Things 145

Data Entities and Objects 146

The Entity-Relationship Diagram 147

Examples of ERD Notation 147

The Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case ERD 151

The Class Diagram 153

More Complex Issues about Classes of Objects 153

Examples of Class Diagram Notation 154

The Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case Class Diagram 157

Where You Are Headed 158

Summary 160

Key Terms 161

Review Questions 161

Thinking Critically 162

Experiential Exercises 163

The Spring Breaks 'R' Us Travel Service Booking System 164

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System 164

Case Studies 164

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System 165

Further Resources 166

CHAPTER 6 The Traditional Approach to Requirements 168

Performance Auto Electric:Following the Data Flow 169

Traditional and Object-Oriented Views of Activities 170

Data Flow Diagrams 170

Data Flow Diagrams and Levels of Abstraction 172

Context Diagrams 173

DFD Fragments 174

The Event-Partitioned System Model 175

Decomposing Processes to See Detail of One Activity 182

Physical and Logical DFDs 184

Evaluating DFD Quality 186

Process Descriptions 190

Documenting DFD Components 190

Data Flow Definitions 195

Data Element Definitions 196

Data Store Definitions 197

DFD Summary 197

Information Engineering Models 198

The IE System Development Life Cycle 198

IE and Structured Development Compared 199

Process Decomposition and Dependency Models 200

Considering Locations and Communication through Networks 204

Workflow Modeling 208

Summary 211

Key Terms 211

Review Questions 212

Thinking Critically 212

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service 213

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System 213

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System 213

Case Studies 213

Experiential Exercises 213

Further Resources 215

CHAPTER 7 The Object-Oriented Approach to Requirements 216

Northwoods Kayaks:Identifying the Methods within the Objects 217

The Unified Modeling Language and the Object Management Group 218

Object-Oriented Requirements 218

The Class Diagram 220

The System Activities:An Object-Oriented Use Case/Scenario View 221

Use Cases and Actors 221

Scenarios 221

The Use Case Diagram 223

Object Interactions:Collaboration and Sequence Diagrams 227

Sequence Diagrams 228

Collaboration Diagrams 236

Object Behavion States,State Transitions,and Statechart Diagrams 238

Object States 239

Object Transitions 241

Messages,Transitions,and Actions 243

Statechart Diagrams 244

Concurrent Behavior 247

Statechart Development 250

Summary 252

Key Terms 253

Review Questions 253

Thinking Critically 254

Experiential Exercises 256

Case Studies 256

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System 256

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System 256

Further Resources 257

The Down Town Videos Rental System 257

CHAPTER 8 Environments,Alternatives,and Decisions 258

Tropic Fish Tales:Netting the Right System 259

Assessing the Target Processing Environment 260

Centralized Systems 261

Distributed Computing 263

The Internet and Intranets 266

Development and System Software Environments 269

The Environment at Rocky Mountain Outfitters 270

Deciding on Scope and Level of Automation 273

Determining Scope 273

Defining the Level of Automation 275

Selecting Alternatives 278

Generating Alternatives for Implementation 282

Packaged and Turnkey Software Systems 283

Facilities Management 283

Custom Software Development 284

In-House Development 285

Choosing an Alternative for Implementation 285

Identifying Criteria for Selection 286

Making the Selection 289

Considering Outsourced Solutions 290

Genefating a Request for Proposal 290

Benchmarking and Choosing a Vendor 291

Presenting the Results and Making the Decisions 292

Summary 293

Key Terms 293

Review Questions 294

Thinking Critically 294

Experiential Exercises 295

Further Resources 296

Tropic Fish Tales'RFPs 296

Case Study 296

PART 3 System Design Tasks 298

CHAPTER 9 Moving to Design 298

New Capital Bank:Object-Oriented Development of a Payroll System 299

Understanding the Elements of Design 300

Inputs:Moving from Analysis to Design 300

Major Components and Levels of Design 300

Output:Structrued Models and Object-Oriented Models 303

Designing the Application Architecture:The Structured Approach 305

The Automation System Boundary 306

The System Flow Chart 308

The Structure Chart 311

Module Algorithm Design:Pseudocode 323

Designing the Application Architecture:The Object-Oriented Approach 325

Integration of the Structured Application Design with User-Interface Design,Database Design,and Network Design 325

Object-Oriented Programs 326

Object-Oriented Models 329

Package Diagrams 329

Design Class Diagrams 331

Design Class Diagram Development 335

Method Development and Pseudocode 339

Inheritance,Overriding,and Polymorphism 340

Integrating the Object-oriented Application Design with User Interface Design,Database Design,and Network Design 340

Coordinating the Project 341

Coordinating Project Teams 342

Coordinating Information 342

Summary 344

Key Terms 344

Review Questions 344

Thinking Critically 345

Experiential Exercises 351

Case Studies 351

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System(Structured) 351

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service System 351

The Real Estate Multiple Listing System（Object-Oriented） 351

The Down Town Video Rental System 351

Further Resources 352

CHAPTER 10 Designing Databases 354

Nationwide Books:Designing a New Database 355

Databases and Database Management Systems 356

Database Models 357

Relational Databases 358

Designing Relational Databases 360

Representing Entities 361

Representing Relationships 363

Enforcing Referential Integrity 365

Evaluating Schema Quality 365

Object-Oriented Databases 372

Designing Object Databases 372

Representing Classes 372

Representing Relationships 373

Hybrid Object-Relational Database Design 378

Classes and Attributes 379

Relationships 381

Data Types 382

Relational DBMS Data Types 383

Object DBMS Data Types 383

Distributed Databases 384

Distributed Database Architectures 385

TheRMO Distributed Database Architecture 390

Key Terms 393

Summary 393

Review Questions 394

Thinking Critically 395

Experiential Exercises 395

Case Studies 396

The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System 396

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System 396

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service 396

Further Resources 396

CHAPTER 11 Designing Inputs,Outputs,and Controls 398

Customized Cars Clearinghouse:Moving into Electronic Commerce 399

Integrity Controls 400

Objectives of Integrity Controls 400

System Access Controls 401

Input Integrity Controls 404

Output Integrity Controls 405

Design of System Inputs 406

Identifying Devices and Mechanisms 407

Developing the List of Inputs and Data Requirements of Each 409

Designing and Prototyping Input Forms 417

Design of System Outputs 418

Determining the Type of Output 419

Making a List of Specific Reports Based on the Application Design 424

Designing and Prototyping Reports 426

Summary 427

Key Terms 427

Review Questions 428

Thinking Critically 428

Experiential Exercises 429

Case Study 429

All-Shop Superstores 429

Further Resources 431

CHAPTER 12 Human-Computer Interaction 432

Interface Design at Aviation Electronics 433

The User Interface 434

Physical Aspects of the User Interface 434

Perceptual Aspects of the User Interface 435

Conceptual Aspects of the User Interface 435

User-Centered Design 435

Human-Computer Interaction as a Field of Study 436

Metaphors for Human-Computer Interaction 438

Interface Design Guidelines 444

Visibility and Affordance 444

Eight Golden Rules 444

Documenting Dialog Designs 448

Events,Subsystems,and Menu Hierarchy 448

Dialogs and Storyboards 449

Dialog Documentation with UML Diagrams 452

Guidelines for Designing Windows Forms 455

Form Layout and Formatting 456

Data Keying and Entry for Standard Windows 458

Navigation and Support Controls 459

Data Keying and Entry for the Browser Interface 459

Help Support 459

Dialog Design for Rocky Mountain Outfitters 459

Dialog Design for Web Sites 466

Summary 468

Key Terms 469

Review Questions 469

Thinking Critically 470

Experiential Exercises 470

Case Studies 471

The 21st Century University System 471

The Waiters on Wheels System 472

The Down Town Videos Rental System 472

The State Patrol Ticket Processing System 473

Another Alternative for Mountain Outfitters 473

Further Resources 473

PART 4 Implementation and Support 476

CHAPTER 13 Rapid Application Development and Component Based Development 476

CDs Direct 2U:Speeding Development of a Customer Support System 477

Rapid Application Development 478

Reasons for Slow Development 478

What Is RAD? 480

Rapid Development Approaches 480

The Prototyping Approach to Development 482

The Spiral Approach to Development 487

Risk Management 490

Rapid Development Techniques 490

Joint Application Design 494

Tool-Based Development 495

Software Reuse 497

Object Frameworks 498

A Sample Object Framework 498

Object Framework Types 500

The Impact of Object Frameworks on Design and Implementation Tasks 501

Pitfalls to Consider for Object Frameworks 502

Components 503

Component Standards and Infrastructure 504

Components and the Development Life Cycle 506

Summary 509

Key Terms 509

Review Questions 510

Thinking Critically 510

Case Study 512

Experiential Exercises 512

Further Resources 515

CHAPTER 14 Packaged Software and Enterprise Resource Planning 516

Pizza Amore:Revamping Systems to Manage More Information 517

Packaged Software 519

The Trend toward Packaged Software 520

Implementation and Support of Packaged Software 520

Enterprise Resource Planning 523

What Is ERP? 523

Why Consider ERP? 526

Implementing ERP 528

An ERP System Development Methodology 531

Special Topics on ERP Development 533

The Future of ERP 536

What Is SAP? 537

A Closer Look at One ERP Package:SAP R/3 537

Implementing SAP R/3 540

Using SAP R/3 541

Summary 544

Key Terms 544

Review Questions 545

Thinking Critically 545

Experiential Exercises 545

Rayco Products Corporation 546

Case Study 546

Further Resources 547

CHAPTER 15 Making the System Operational(Implementation,Conversion and Support) 548

Tri-State Heating Oil:Juggling Priorities to Begin Operation 549

Program Development 550

Order of Implementation 551

Framework Development 556

Team-Based Program Development 556

Source Code Control 558

Versioning 559

Quality Assurance 562

Technical Reviews 563

Testing 564

Installation 570

Direct Installation 571

Parallel Installation 571

Phased Installation 573

Personnel Issues 574

Documentation 575

System Documentation 575

User Documentation 577

Training and User Support 579

Ongoing Training and User Support 581

Submitting Change Requests and Error Reports 582

Maintenance 582

Implementing a Change 584

Upgrading Computing Infrastructure 585

Summary 586

Key Terms 586

Review Questions 587

Thinking Critically 587

Experiential Exercises 588

Case Studies 588

The Hudson Banc Billing System Upgrade 588

The Down Town Videos Rental System 589

The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service System 589

Further Resources 589

APPENDICES 591

APPENDIX A The Responsibilities of a Project Manager 591

Providing Leadership and Vision 591

Planning and Organizing the Project 592

Organizing and Managing the Project Team 593

Estimating Costs and Developing the Project Budget 594

Monitoring and Controlling the Project Schedule 595

Ensuring the Quality of the Final Result 596

Key Terms 597

Review Questions 597

Application Questions 597

APPENDIX B Calculating Net Present Value,Payback Period,and Return on Investment 598

Net Present Value Calculations 598

Payback Period Calculations 600

Return on Investment 601

Key Terms 601

Review Questions 602

Thinking Critically 602

Building PERT/CPM Charts 603

APPENDIX C Developing a Project Schedule with PERT/CPM Charts 603

Creating the RMO Project Schedule with Microsoft Project 610

Building Gantt Charts 611

Key Terms 612

Review Questions 612

Thinking Critically 612

APPENDIX D Presenting the Results to Management 613

Preparing the Presentation 614

The Opening 614

The Agenda 614

The Body 614

The Closing 615

Giving the Presentation 615

Use of Visual Aids 616

Questions and Answers 617

INDEX 619