跨文化交际 语篇分析法PDF电子书下载

1 What is a Discourse Approach? 1

The Topic 2

Professional communication 3

Interdiscourse communication 4

Discourse 5

The Limits of Language 5

Languages is ambiguous by nature 6

Preface by Halliday 9

王宗炎序 10

We must draw inferences about meaning 10

Our inferences tend to be fixed,not tentative 10

What is Successful Interdiscourse Professional Communication? 11

Our inferences are drawn very quickly 11

Expecting things to go wrong 12

Dealing with miscommunication 13

Increasing shared knowledge 13

Two Approaches to Interdiscourse Professional Communication 13

导读 13

2How,When,and Where to Do Things with Language 16

Sentence Meaning and Speaker s Meaning 18

Speech Acts,Speech Events,and Speech Situations 19

Grammar of Context 21

Seven Main Components for a Grammar of Context 22

Scene 24

Key 26

List of Figures 27

Participants 27

Series Editor s Preface 28

Message form 28

Sequence 29

Preface 29

Co-occurrence patterns,marked and unmarked 30

Manifestation 31

3 Interpersonal Politeness and Power 33

Communicative Style of Register 33

Face 34

The Paradox of Face:Involvement and Independence 36

The“Self”as a Communicative Identity 36

Politeness Strategies of Involvement and Independence 38

Linguistic Strategies of involvement:some examples 40

Linguistic Strategies of independence:some examples 41

Politeness(or Face)Systems 41

Power(+P,-P) 42

Distance(+D,-D) 43

Weight of imposition(+W,-W) 43

Three Politeness Systems:Deference,Solidarity,and Hierarchy 44

Deference politeness system(-P,+D) 44

Solidarity politeness system(-P,-D) 45

Hierarchical politeness system(+P,+/-D) 45

Miscommunication 47

4Conversational Inference:Interpretation in Spoken Discourse 50

How Do We Understand Discourse? 51

Cohesive Devices:Lexical and Grammatical 53

Reference 53

Conjunction 54

Verb forms 54

The causal conjunction“because” 55

Cognitive Schemata or Scripts 56

World knowledge 58

Adjacency sequences 59

Prosodic Patterning:Intionation and Timing 60

Intonation 60

Timing 63

Metacommunication 66

Non-sequential processing 69

Interactive Intelligence 72

5 Topic and Face:Inductive and Deductive Patterns in Discourse 74

What Are You Talking About? 74

Topic,Turn Exchange,and Timing 75

The call-answer-topic adiacency sequence 76

The call 76

The answer 77

The introduction of the caller s topic 77

Deductive Monologues 78

The Inductive Pattern 79

Inside and outside encounters 80

Hierarchical Confucian relationships and topic introduction 81

The false east-west dichotomy 82

Face:Inductive and Deductive Rhetorical Strategies 83

Topics and Face Systems 85

Face Relationships in Written Discourse 87

Essays and press releases 89

The press release:implied writers and implied readers 90

The essay:a deductive structure 91

Limiting Ambiguity:Power in Discourse 92

6 Ideologies of Discourse 94

Three Concepts of Discourse 94

The Utilitarian Discourse System 98

Ideology of the Utilitarian discourse system 99

The Enlightenment:reason and freedom 100

Kant s view of the“Public”Writer 101

Bentham and Mill s Utilitarianism 101

Socialization in the Utilitarian discourse system 104

Froms of discourse in the Utilitarian discourse system 106

The Panopticon of Bentham 112

Face systems in the Utilitarian discourse system 113

Internal face systems:liberté,égalité, fraternité 114

Multiple Discourse Systems 117

7 What is Culture? Intercultural Communication and Stereotyping 122

How Do We Define“Culture”? 125

Culture and Discourse Systems 127

Ideology 128

Face systems 129

Forms of discourse 137

Socialization 148

Cultural Ideology and Stereotyping 154

Negative Stereotypes 158

Positive Stereotypes,the Lumping Fallacy,and the Solidarity Fallacy 159

Differences Whice Make a Difference:Discourse Systems 161

8 Corporate Discourse 164

Discourse Systems 164

Voluntary and involuntary discourse systems 166

Five Characteristic Discourse Systems 168

An Outline Guide to the Study of Discourse Systems 170

The Corporate Discourse System(Corporate Culture) 172

Ideology 173

Socialization 178

Forms of discourse 183

Face systems 191

The size and scope of corporate discourse systems 192

The Professional Discourse System(ESL Teachers) 194

9 Professional Discourse 194

Ideology 195

Socialization 198

Forms of discourse 200

Face systems 202

Other professional discourse systems 203

10 Generational Discourse 205

Involuntary Discourse Systems 205

The ideologies of American individualism 207

Four generations of Americans 209

The shifting ground of American individualism 221

Asian Generational Discourse Systems 223

Communication Between Generations 225

11 Gender Discourse 229

Intergender Discourse 229

Directness or indirectness? 229

Different interpretive frames 232

The origin of difference:ideology and paradox 237

The maintenance of difference:socialization 240

Messages and metamessages:forms of discourse 242

The struggle for equality,the struggle for power 243

Further Research on Gender Discourse Systems 244

Discourse Systems and the Individual 245

Intersystem Communication 248

References 253

The Research Base 253

References for Further Study 257

Index 267

文库索引 272