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Chapter 1 ECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 1

Chapter 2 ECOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS 6

Tolerance Range 6

When Conditions Change 7

Limiting Factors and the Environmental Complex 10

Energy Balance 11

Animal Behavior 17

Proximate and Ultimate Factors 18

Habitat Sylection 19

Important Abiotic Factors 22

Ecological Indicators 44

Dispersal and Range Expansion 45

Chapter 3 POPULATION ECOLOGY 51

Birth and Death 51

Population Growth 55

Population Density and Population Regulation 65

Organization in Populations 77

Evolution 84

Predator-Prey Relations 90

Health and Disease 100

Interspecific Competition 103

Extinction 115

Chapter 4 COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:INTERACTIONS AND ORGAI-ZATION 120

Types of Interactions 120

Energy in Ecosystems 122

Biogeochemistry 138

Organization of Communities and Ecosystems Ecological Diversity 149

Ecological Diversity 164

Chapter 5 COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:COMMUNITY CHANGE AND THE THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE 175

Community Change 175

Landscape and the Biome System 198

Aquatic Ecosystems 220

Paleoecology and History of the Biomes 234

Chapter 6 THE PRACTICAL ECOLOGIST 247

Pollution 247

Food Production and Organic Farming 263

Energy 266

Population 269

Natural Areas and Their Preservation 273

Land Use 277

Spaceship Earth 280

Glossary 283

Index 289