人体肿瘤超微结构在其诊断及研究中的应用 英文PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction1.1 Introductory Remarks 1

1.2 Electron Microscopy Applied to Tumours 1

1.3 Impact and Limitations of Immunohistochemistry 3

1.4 Value of Electron Microscopy in Addition to Diagnosis 3

1.5 Intellectual Basis for Tumour Diagnosis by Electron Microscopy 4

1.6 Technique 4

1.6.1 Tissue Handling and Reagent Preparation 4

1.6.2 Electron Microscopy Procedure 5

1.6.3 Dewaxing for Electron Microscopy 6

1.7 Assessing the Quality of Preservation in Semi-thin Sections 7

1.8 Distinguishing Reactive from Neoplastic Cells 10

1.8.1 Vessels 10

1.8.2 Myofibroblasts 13

1.8.3 Striated Muscle Cells 14

References 15

2 Epithelial Tumours 17

2.1 Introductory Remarks 17

2.2 The Core Features of Epithelial Differentiation 17

2.3 The Keratinocyte as the Archetypal Cell for Assessing Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Differentiation in Tumours 18

2.4 Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Carcinoma 18

2.4.1 Conventional Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Carcinoma 21

2.4.2 Variants of Basal-Cell Carcinoma 21

2.4.3 Poorly Differentiated Squamous-Cell Carcinoma， Variants of Squamous-Cell Carcinoma，and Related Tumours Showing Squamous Differentiation 21

2.5 Ultrastructural Features of Glandular Differentiation 30

2.5.1 Ultrastructural Architecture of the Normal Gland 30

2.5.2 Secretory Materials of Epithelial Origin 35

2.6 The Ultrastructure of Adenocarcinoma 43

2.6.1 General Ultrastructural Properties of Adenocarcinoma 43

2.6.2 Additional Features of Diagnostic or Biological Interest in Selected Examples of Adenocarcinoma and Carcinomas Showing Glandular Epithelial Differentiation 46

2.7 Tumours Showing Distinctive Specialised Forms of Epithelial Differentiation 60

2.7.1 Mesothelioma 60

2.7.2 Adrenocortical Tumours 70

2.7.3 Oncocytoma 71

2.7.4 Myoepithelial Cell Differentiation in Tumours 78

2.7.5 Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Carcinoma 79

References 90

3 Melanocytic Lesions with Special Reference to Malignant Melanoma 105

3.1 Introductory Remarks 105

3.2 The Normal Melanocyte 106

3.3 The Ultrastructure of Malignant Melanoma 106

3.3.1 The Melanosome 108

3.3.2 Ultrastructural Features of Malignant Melanoma in Addition to Melanosomes 121

3.3.3 The Ultrastructure of Malignant Melanoma Variants 122

3.3.4 Tumours other than Malignant Melanoma Showing Melanocytic Differentiation 158

References 167

4 Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone， and Other Mesenchymal Tumours 177

4.1 Introductory Remarks 177

4.2 Fibroblastic and Myofibroblastic Tumours 177

4.2.1 The Normal Fibroblast and the Reactive Myofibroblast 178

4.2.2 Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions Showing Fibroblastic Differentiation 184

4.2.3 Myofibroblastic Differentiation in Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions 207

4.3 Fibrohistiocytic Tumours 224

4.3.1 Giant-Cell Tumours 225

4.3.2 The Benign Fibrous Histiocytomas 225

4.3.3 Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour 225

4.3.4 The So-Called Malignant Fibrous Histiocytomas 225

4.3.5 Atypical Fibroxanthoma 235

4.4 Smooth-Muscle Tumours and Pericytic Tumours 243

4.4.1 The Normal Smooth-Muscle Cell 243

4.4.2 Leiomyoma - Glomus Tumour 243

4.4.3 Myopericytoma/Haemangiopericytoma 244

4.4.4 Leiomyosarcoma 244

4.5 Tumours Showing Striated-Muscle Differentiation 256

4.5.1 The Normal Striated-Muscle Cell 256

4.5.2 Rhabdomyoma 256

4.5.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma 256

4.5.4 Rhabdomyoblasts in Tumours other than Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma 257

4.6 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours 267

4.6.1 The Interstitial Cell of Cajal 267

4.6.2 The Ultrastructure of GIST 268

4.7 Vascular Tumours 286

4.7.1 The Normal Vessel 286

4.7.2 Benign Vascular Lesions 287

4.7.3 Conventional Angiosarcoma 287

4.7.4 Epithelioid Angiosarcoma 287

4.7.5 Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma 291

4.7.6 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 291

4.8 Adipocytic Tumours 300

4.8.1 The Normal Adipocyte 300

4.8.2 Benign Adipocytic Tumours 301

4.8.3 Liposarcoma 301

4.9 Tumours Showing Cartilaginous， Osteogenic and Notochordal Differentiation 309

4.9.1 Normal Cells of Cartilage and Bone 309

4.9.2 Benign Chondroblastic Lesions 310

4.9.3 Chondrosarcoma and Other Cartilaginous Tumours 310

4.9.4 Notochordal Tumours 311

4.9.5 Osteosarcoma and Other Osteogenic Tumours 319

4.10 Tumours Showing Complex or Uncertain Differentiation 322

4.10.1 Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumour 322

4.10.2 Mixed Tumour/Myoepithelioma 322

4.10.3 Synovial Sarcoma 323

4.10.4 Epithelioid Sarcoma 323

4.10.5 Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma 324

4.10.6 Desmoplastic Small-Round-Cell Tumour 325

4.10.7 Malignant Rhabdoid Tumour 325

References 341

5 Lymphoma and Leukaemia 363

5.1 Introductory Remarks 363

5.2 Normal （Reactive） Haematolymphoid Cells 364

5.2.1 Lymphocytes 364

5.2.2 Centroblasts and Centrocytes 367

5.2.3 Plasma Cells 368

5.2.4 Monocytes， Macrophages， Langerhans Cells and Multinucleated Giant Cells 369

5.2.5 Mast Cells 381

5.2.6 Eosinophils 382

5.2.7 Neutrophils 382

5.2.8 Basophils 382

5.2.9 Megakaryocytes and Platelets 391

5.2.10 Erythroblasts （‘normoblasts’ and ‘normocytes’） 392

5.3 Haematolymphoid Neoplasia 395

5.3.1 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 396

5.3.2 The Acute Leukaemias 397

5.3.3 B-Cell Neoplasms 410

5.3.4 T-Cell Neoplasms 442

5.3.5 Hodgkin Lymphoma 460

5.3.6 Tumours Showing Histiocytic Differentiation - Dendritic Cell Tumours 461

5.3.7 Reticulum Cell Tumours 475

References 480

6 Tumours of the Central Nervous System 491

6.1 Introductory Remarks 491

6.2 Astrocytic Tumours 491

6.2.1 Astrocytoma 494

6.2.2 Glioblastoma 494

6.2.3 Pilocytic Astrocytoma 496

6.2.4 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma 498

6.2.5 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma 498

6.2.6 Monomorphous Angiocentric Glioma 500

6.2.7 Subependymal Giant-Cell Astrocytoma of Tuberous Sclerosis 500

6.3 Oligogodendroglioma 502

6.4 Ependymoma and Subependymoma 503

6.5 Choroid Plexus Tumours 507

6.6 Mixed Neuronal and Glial Tumours 509

6.6.1 Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma 509

6.6.2 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Desmoplastic Cerebral Astrocytoma of Infancy or Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma 512

6.6.3 Angioganglioglioma 514

6.6.4 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour 515

6.6.5 Central Neurocytoma 518

6.6.6 Extraventricular Neurocytoma 519

6.6.7 Papillary Glioneuronal Tumour 519

6.6.8 Glioneuronal Tumour with Neuropil-Like Islands/Rosetted Glioneuronal Tumour 520

6.6.9 Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumour of the IVth Ventricle 520

6.7 Pineal Parenchyma Tumours 520

6.7.1 Pineocytoma 520

6.7.2 PPT of Intermediate Differentiation 522

6.7.3 Pineoblastoma 523

6.7.4 Papillary Tumour of the Pineal Region 523

6.8 Embryonal Tumours 523

6.8.1 Medulloepithelioma 523

6.8.2 Ependymoblastoma 523

6.8.3 Medulloblastoma 523

6.8.4 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumour 527

6.8.5 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumour of Infancy 528

6.9 Meningioma and Meningioangiomatosis 528

6.10 Intracranial Germ Tumours 531

6.10.1 Germinomas 531

6.10.2 Yolk Sac Tumour 532

6.10.3 Embryonal Carcinoma 532

6.10.4 Choriocarcinoma 532

6.11 Craniopharyngioma 534

6.12 Paraganglioma 534

6.13 Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma 535

Acknowledgements 535

References 537

7 Tumours of the Neuroendocrine System and the Peripheral Nervous System 547

7.1 Introductory Remarks 547

7.2 The Ultrastructure of Neuroendocrine Tumours 548

7.2.1 The Archetypal Neuroendocrine Granule 548

7.2.2 Variations in the Structure of Neuroendocrine Granules in Different Neuroendocrine Tumours， and Additional Ultrastructural Features of Neuroendocrine Tumours 552

7.3 Tumours of the Peripheral Nervous System 577

7.3.1 The Normal Neuron 577

7.3.2 Extracranial Tumours Showing Neuronal/Glial/Ganglionic Differentiation 579

7.3.3 The Normal Nerve Sheath 595

7.3.4 Tumours of the Nerve Sheath 601

7.4 Meningioma 618

References 624

8 Miscellaneous Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions 643

8.1 Introductory Remarks 643

8.2 Tumours of the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts 643

8.2.1 Seminoma 643

8.2.2 Embryonal Carcinoma 644

8.2.3 Endodermal Sinus Tumour （Yolk Sac Tumour） 644

8.2.4 Choriocarcinoma 644

8.2.5 Tumours Showing Leydig-Cell Differentiation 644

8.2.6 Tumours Showing Sertoli-Cell Differentiation 645

8.2.7 Tumours Showing Granulosa-Cell Differentiation 645

8.3 Blastemal Tumours 657

8.3.1 Wilms’ Tumour （Nephroblastoma） 657

8.3.2 Pulmonary and Pleuropulmonary Blastoma 657

8.3.3 Hepatoblastoma 657

8.3.4 Pancreatoblastoma 658

8.4 Embryonal Sarcoma of Liver 658

8.5 Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumour 658

8.6 Cardiac Myxoma 659

8.7 Pneumocytoma （Sclerosing Haemangioma of Lung） 659

8.8 Cellular Neurothekeoma 659

8.9 Amyloidoma 659

8.10 Malakoplakia 659

8.11 Bacillary Angiomatosis and Mycobacterial Spindle-Cell Pseudotumour 660

8.12 Rosai-Dorfman Disease 660

References 665

Index 671