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Part One Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication 1

Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication 1

Part One 1

Preface 1

1 Overview to Intercultural Communication 2

Objectives 2

Chapter 1 Overview to Intercultural Communication 2

Defining Intercultural Communication 3

Chapter 5

Presuppositions and Theory: The Genesis of Intercultural Encounters 5

A Model of Intercultural Communication 6

The Causes of Perceived Difference 8

Perceived Cultural Differences and the Drive for Certainty 9

Forming an Adaptive Third Culture C 9

Moving Toward Intercultural Effectiveness 11

Contexts for Intercultural Communication 12

Developing Skills in Preparing for Intercultural Communication 15

Organization of the Text 15

This Chapter in Perspective 16

Endnotes 16

Exercises 16

Chapter 2 Exploring Fundamental Axioms of Intercultural Communication 19

Objectives 19

2 Exploring Fundamental Axioms of Intercultural Communication 19

Axioms Associated with Intercultural Communication 20

Intercultural Communication Assumes Perceived Cultural Difference 20

Intercultural Communication Relates to Content and Relationship 21

Communication Style Affects First Impressions 22

Intercultural Communication Involves Uncertainty Reduction 23

Culture and Communication Are Inseparable 25

The Origins of Contemporary Intercultural Communication 26

Interaction with International Diversity 26

Intercultural Effectiveness Is the Goal of Intercultural Communication 26

Interaction with Multicultural Diversity 27

Increasing an Academic Culture of Intercultural Communication 28

Developing Skills in Understanding Intercultural Communication Axioms 29

This Chapter in Perspective 30

Endnotes 30

Exercises 30

Part Two 33

Perceiving the Nature of Cultural and Social Diversity 33

Part Two Perceiving the Nature of Cultural and Social Diversity 33

Chapter 3 Elements of Cultural Systems 34

Objectives 34

3 Elements of Cultural Systems 34

Defining Culture and Its Influence on Communication 36

Elements of Culture 37

The Inner Core of Culture 38

Cultural Activities 41

Communication Patterns 45

Cultural Rules and Customs 48

Institutions Within Cultures 49

Economic Institutions 49

Family as Institution 50

Political Institutions 51

Health Institutions 51

Educational Institutions 52

Religious Institutions 53

Theories of Cultural Development and Change 53

Cultural Borrowing and Innovation Acceptance 53

Cultural Crisis 54

Ecological Change 54

Functionalism 56

Developing Intercultural Skills in Knowledge of Culture's Workings 56

Dominant Theme Analysis 56

This Chapter in Perspective 58

Exercises 58

Endnotes 58

Chapter 4 Cultural Diversity Within Culture: Microcultures and Intercultural Communlcation 60

Objectives 60

4 Cultural Diversity Within Culture: Microcultures and Intercultural Communication 60

Understanding Social Perception and Its Influence on Intercultural Communication 62

Explaining Social Perception Through Social Categorization and the In-group/Out-group Model 62

Explaining the Consequences of Social Perception with the Social Response Model 63

Explaining Social Perception with the Social Attitudes Model 66

Discovering Microcultures and Cultural Diversity that Influence Communication 69

Ethnic and Racial Cultures 69

Intercultural Marriage as Microculture 70

Microcultures of Chosen Identity and Group Membership 72

Regional and Residential Microcultures 73

Social Class Cultures 76

Poverty Culture 77

Countercultural Microcultures 79

Organizational Cultures as Microcultures 79

Developing Intercultural Skills in Interacting with Microcultures 81

This Chapter in Perspective 82

Exercises 82

Endnotes 83

Underlying Dimensions of Culture 86

Objectives 86

5 Underlying Dimensions of Culture 86

Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures 87

Monochronic Culture 87

Polychronic Culture 88

High- and Low-Context Cultures 89

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions 92

Individualism-Collectivism 92

Masculine-Feminine Cultures 93

Power-Distance 94

Uncertainty Avoidance 94

World View and Intercultural Communication 95

Elements of Cultural World View 95

Personal World View Influencing Communication 101

Values and Intercultural Communication 102

Values Associated with Family 105

Values and Interpersonal Relationships 106

Values Associated with Society 108

Values Concerning Land and Animals 110

This Chapter in Perspective 113

Developing Skills in Encountering Underlying Dimensions of Culture 113

Exercises 114

Endnotes 114

Part Three Understanding Intercultural Language and Nonverbal Communication 117

Part Three Understanding Intercultural Language and Nonverbal Communication 117

Chapter 6 Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication 118

Objectives 118

6 Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication 118

Differences Experienced Because of Language 119

Language and Its Influence on Perception 119

The Code Switching of Language Based on Differences in In-group or Out-group Cultures 121

Language and Meaning 123

How the Sound of Linguistic Differences Affects Relationship Attitudes and Actions 124

How Language Represents More than Sound, Syntax,and Semantics 126

Relating to Language Differences 127

Developing Skills with Linguistic Diversity 128

Verbal Style and the Culture of Language 128

This Chapter in Perspective 129

Exercises 130

Endnotes 131

Objectives 133

Chapter 7 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages 133

7 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages 133

Significance of Nonverbal Communication 134

Overview to Nonverbal Intercultural Communication 134

Definition and Functioning of Nonverbal Communication 135

Kinesics: Body Language 135

Gestures 137

Posture 138

Kinesics Regulating Conversation 139

Oculesics 139

Greetings 140

Facial Expressions 140

Proxemics: The Use of Space 142

Fixed Features of Space 142

Semifixed Features of Space 143

Personal Space 144

Chronemics: Our Use of Time 146

Sensorics 147

Haptics: Touching Behavior 148

Paralanguage 148

The Meaning of Nonverbal Communication in Culture 150

Developing Intercultural Skills for Nonverbal Communication 150

This Chapter in Perspective 151

Exercises 152

Endnotes 152

Part Four Cultural Adaptation and Communication Effectiveness:Applying Intercultural Competencies 155

Part Four Cultural Adaptation and Communication Effectiveness: Applying Intercultural Competencies 155

Chapter 8 Adapting to Culture 156

Objectives 156

8 Adapting to Culture 156

The Early Adaptation Experience: Culture Shock 157

Predeparture Stage 159

Stage One: Everything Is Beautiful 159

Stage Two: Everything Is Awful 160

Stage Three: Everything Is OK 161

Long-Term Cultural Adaptation 162

Growth and Adaptation 162

Factors Contributing to Long-Term Adaptation 163

Adaptation and Reentry 167

Developing Skills in Intercultural Communication and Adaptation to a New Culture 168

This Chapter in Perspective 169

Exercises 170

Endnotes 170

9 Intercultural Communication Competencies Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness 172

Chapter 9 Intercultural Communication Competencies Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness 172

Objectives 172

What Is Intercultural Effectiveness? 173

Intercultural Competency Factors Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness 174

Cognitive Style Variables 174

Communication Behaviors 178

Situational and Systems Factors Related to Competency 179

Selection for Intercultural Effectiveness 180

Developing Skills in Intercultural Effectiveness 183

This Chapter in Perspective 183

Exercises 184

Endnotes 184

Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication and Conflict 187

Objectives 187

10 Intercultural Communication and Conflict 187

Missed Interpersonal Expectations as Source of Intercultural Communication Conflict 188

Self-disclosure and Openness in Communication 189

Hierarchical Communication 190

Formality in Relationships and Communication 191

Communication in the Workplace 192

Acceptance and Empathetic Communication 193

Communication Avoidance 193

Using Communication to Manage Intercultural Conflict 194

Using Communication to Reduce Disagreement in Conflict 194

Using Leadership Style and Communication to Manage Conflict 195

Applying Metaphors to Prevent Intercultural Conflict 198

Applying Systems to Proactively Preventing Conflict 198

Interfacing with Cultural Values: The Workplace as a Case Extension of Cultural Values 199

Practicing Relational Empathy 202

Developing Skills in Reducing Conflict 204

This Chapter in Perspective 205

Exercises 205

Endnotes 205

Part Five Sources of Social Influence on Intercultural Communication 207

Part Five Sources of Social Influence on Intercultural Communication 207

Chapter 11 Social Influence of Network Cultures and Information Flow 208

Objectives 208

11 Social Influence of Network Cultures and Information Flow 208

Dimensions of Homophily 209

The Homophily Principle: The Influence of Communicator Similarity in Network Cultures 209

The Homophily Principle and Intercultural Communication 211

Measuring Homophily 215

Intercultural Credibility and Network Cultures 215

Intercultural Competence 215

Intercultural Trust 218

Intercultural Similarity 218

Intercultural Charisma 219

Intercultural Dynamism 221

The Effects of Intercultural Credibility 221

Opinion Leadership and Network Cultures 222

Opinion Leaders as Information Roles in Network Cultures 222

Communication Characteristics of Opinion Leaders 224

Measuring Opinion Leadership 227

Interpersonal Relationships and Information Roles as Sources in Network Cultures 228

Developing Intercultural Skills Concerning Network Cultures 230

This Chapter in Perspective 232

Exercises 233

Endnotes 234

Chapter 12 Media as a Source of Influence on Intercultural Communication 236

Objectives 236

12 Media as a Source of Influence on Intercultural Communication 236

Media and Persuasion 237

Media as a Shaper of Cultural Thought Processes 240

Media and Cultural Learning 242

Media as the Creator of Consumer and Entertainment Needs 243

Media and Ethnic Identification 243

Developing Skills in Understanding Media and Culture 244

Media and International Communication 244

This Chapter in Perspective 245

Exercises 245

Endnotes 246

13 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Creating Planned Change 248

Objectives 248

Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Creating Planned Change 248

How Diffusion and Innovation Studies Emerged 249

Components of Diffusion and Innovation Processes 249

Decision Making and Choice About Innovations 251

Communication Characteristics of Innovative and Less Innovative People 252

Factors Associated with Individual Innovativeness and Change in a Culture 253

Innovativeness Within Groups and Cultures Leading to Change 255

Discovering the Need for Change 256

Factors Associated with Organizational Innovativeness 256

Strategies for Group Innovation and Change 257

Developing Skills in Planning for Innovation and Cultural Change 259

This Chapter in Perspective 261

Exercises 261

Endnotes 262

Appendix Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication 264

Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication 264

Appendix 264

Glossary 273

Glossary 273

Name Index 283

Index 283

Subject Index 286