现代英语标准发音PDF电子书下载

Contents 1

教学提示 1

语调、重音和其他常用符号 1

1 What Is a Good Pronunciation 1

The Gimson Transcription for British General RP 5

吉姆森英语普通型标准发音音标 7

Tone Marks and other Typographical Conventions 7

2　The Model of English Pronunciation 　　 8

2.1 The choice of model 8

2.2 Why should we choose British General RP as our model？ 9

2.3 Main differences between the Gimson Transcription and the Jones Transcription 11

3 Two Stages in Learning English Phonemes 14

3.1 Phonemes and their allophones 14

3.2 Two stages in learning English phonemes 16

3.3 Clipping 18

4 Pronouncing Written Words 20

4.1 Letters and sounds 20

4.2 Pronouncing consonant letters c and g 22

4.3 Pronouncing sh，ch and gh 23

4.4 Pronouncing th 23

4.5 Pronunciation，spelling and word stress 24

4.6 Pronouncing single vowel letters 25

4.7 Pronouncing vowel pairs 26

4.8 Silent letters 27

5 The Lungs and the Larynx 29

5.1 The human speech mechanism 29

5.2 The respiratory system 31

5.3 The phonatory system 32

5.4 Learning to control consciously the action of the vocal folds 34

5.5 Identifying the voiced and voiceless sounds 34

5.6 The linguistic usesof pitch 35

6.1 Articulators in the vocal tract 38

6 The Vocal Tract 38

6.2 Places of articulation 41

6.3 Manners of articulation 44

7 Syllables，Stresses and Ton？c Syllables 48

7.1　Syllables，vowels and consonants 48

7.2 Levels of stress 51

7.3 Tonic syllables 52

7.3.1 Information words and English communication 53

7.3.2 Structure words and English communication 53

7.3.3 Tone-units and tonic stress 54

7.4 Summary 54

8.1 The cardinal vowels 56

8 Front Vowels 56

8.2 Classification of the English vowels 60

8.3 Front vowels 61

9 Central Vowels and Back Vowels 71

9.1 Central vowels 71

9.2 Back vowels 77

10 Diphthongs 89

10.1 Closing diphthongs 89

10.2 Centring diphthongs 101

11.1 The English consonant system 107

11 Obstruents（1） 107

11.2 Plosives 109

11.2.1 Bilabial plosives/p，b/ 110

11.2.2 Alveolar plosives/t，d/ 111

11.2.3 Velar plosives/k，g/ 111

11.3 Affricates 114

11.3.1 Palato-alveolar affricates/t∫，d？/ 115

12 Obstruents（2） 117

12.1 Fricatives 117

12.2 Labio-dental fricatives/f，v/ 117

12.3 Dental fricatives/θ，？/ 119

12.4 Alveolar fricatives/s，z/ 122

12.5 Palato-alveolar fricatives/∫，？/ 125

12.6 Glottal fricative/h/ 127

13 Sonorants 129

13.1 Nasals/m，n，？/ 129

13.1.1　Bilabial nasal/m/ 129

13.1.2 Alveolar nasal/n/ 130

13.1.3 Velar nasal/？/ 132

13.2　Alveolar lateral approximant/l/ 134

13.3 Approximants 136

13.3.1 Post-alveolar approximant/r/ 137

13.3.2 Palatal approximant/j/ 140

13.3.3 Labial-velar approximant/w/ 142

14.1.1 Syllable onsets 145

14 The English Syllable 145

14.1 The structure of the English syllable 145

14.1.2 Syllable codas 149

14.2 The-s inflectional ending 150

14.3 The-ed inflectional ending 151

14.4 Syllabification 152

15 Word Stress Patterns 156

15.1 Stress and prominence 156

15.2 Primary and secondary stress 157

15.3 Word stress patterns 158

15.4 Compound words 159

15.5 Word-class pairs 161

16 Weak Forms and Rhythm 163

16.1 Weak forms 163

16.1.1 Conjunctions 163

16.1.2 Pronouns 164

16.1.3 Verbs 164

16.1.4 Determiners 166

16.1.5 Prepositions 166

16.1.6 There 167

16.2 Contracted forms 167

16.3 The use of strong forms 167

16.4 Rhythm and stress 169

17 The Intonation Mark System 173

17.1 A transcribed text 173

17.2 What is intonation？ 176

17.3 Tone-unit components 177

17.4 Reading the intonation marks 179

17.4.1 Nuclear tone marks 179

17.4.2 Stress marks in the tail 181

17.4.3 Stress marks in the head 182

18 Functions of Intonation 185

18.1 The organization of information 185

18.2 The realization of communicative functions 186

18.3 The demonstration of syntactic structures 188

18.4 The expression of attitude 191

18.4.1 Major declaratives 191

18.4.2 Minor declaratives 193

18.4.3 Wh-interrogatives 193

18.4.4 Yes/No interrogatives 194

18.4.5 Tag interrogatives 194

18.4.6 Imperatives 195

18.4.7 Exclamatives 195

19.1.1 CC consonant clusters 197

19.1 Clusters in the onset 197

19 Consonant Clusters 197

19.1.2 CCC consonant clusters 200

19.2 Clusters in the coda 201

19.2.1 Stop+stop 201

19.2.2 Plosive+nasal 203

19.2.3 /t/or/d/+/l/ 204

19.2.4 Consonant+/s，z，t，d/ 205

19.2.5 Consonant+/θ/or/？/ 206

19.2.6 /1/+consonant 207

19.2.7 Nasal+consonant 207

19.2.8 Longer consonant clusters at word boundaries 207

20.1 Assimilation 209

20 Natural Processes 209

20.2 Elision 212

20.3 Liaison 214

20.4 Juncture 217

21 English Prosody（1） 219

21.1 Chinese prosody 219

21.2 English prosody 220

21.3 Iambic verse 221

21.4 Anapaestic verse 223

21.5 Trochaic verse 224

21.6 Dactylic verse 225

21.7 Variation in rhythm 226

21.8 Truncation 227

21.9 Mixed substitution 228

21.10 Less commonly used feet 229

21.11 Run-on verse 231

21.12 Caesura 232

22 English Prosody（2） 234

22.1 Rhyme 234

22.2 Definition of rhyme 234

22.3 Masculine rhyme 235

22.4 Feminine rhyme 236

22.6 The leonine 237

22.5 Internal rhyme 237

22.7 Assonance 238

22.8 Consonance 238

22.9 Alliteration 239

22.10 Rhyme scheme 241

22.10.1 Stanzaic verse 241

22.10.2 The septet 242

22.10.3 Triplet 243

22.10.4 The quintet 245

22.10.5 The sestet 246

22.10.6 The octave 246

22.10.7 The Spenserian stanza 248

22.10.8 The sonnet 249

23 Teaching Methods 256

23.1 Vowels 256

23.2 Consonants 257

23.3 Syllables 260

23.4 Word stress 261

23.5 Intonation 262

23.6 Adjustments in connected speech 263

23.7 Using the pronouncing dictionaries 265

Answers Section 268

References 291