英语写作知识与技能PDF电子书下载

Chapter One Fundamental Knowledge 1

1.1 General Remarks 1

1.2 Basic Rules of Manuscript Form 2

1.2.1 Arrangement 3

1.2.2 Word Division 5

1.2.3 Capitalization 6

1.3 Handwriting 10

1.4 Punctuation 11

1.4.1 The Comma 11

1.4.2 The Period 14

1.4.3 The Semicolon 15

1.4.4 The Colon 16

1.4.5 The Question Mark 17

1.4.6 The Exclamation Mark 17

1.4.7 Quotation Marks 18

1.4.8 Parenthesis/Brackets 20

1.4.9 The Dash 21

1.4.10 The Slash 23

1.4.11 Ellipsis/Dots 24

1.4.12 The Apostrophe 24

1.4.13 The Hyphen 25

1.4.14 Underlining and Italics 26

ASSIGNMENTS: 28

Chapter Two Phraseology 32

2.1 General Remarks 32

2.2 Types of Words 32

2.3 Sorts of Lexical Item 33

2.3.1 Synonymy 33

2.3.2 Gradable Antonymy 36

2.3.3 Hyponymy 38

2.3.4 Polysemy 39

2.3.5 Homonymy 41

2.4 Levels of Words 44

2.4.1 Common Words 45

2.4.2 Formal Words 48

2.4.3 Informal Words 49

2.5 Meaning of Words 59

2.5.1 Contextual Meaning 61

2.5.2 Denotative Meaning 63

2.5.3 Connotative Meaning 64

2.6 Choice of Words 68

2.6.1 Essential Points of Choosing Words 69

2.6.2 General and Specific Words 84

2.6.3 Vitality of Some Words 90

2.7 Appreciation of Skillful Diction 93

ASSIGNMENTS: 95

Chapter Three Making Right and Effective Sentences 101

3.1 General Remarks 101

3.2 Types of Sentences 103

3.2.1 The Use of Sentences 103

3.2.2 The Structure of Sentences 111

3.2.3 The Rhetorical Form of Sentences 117

3.3 Effective Sentences 123

3.3.1 Correctness of Sentences 123

3.3.2 Unity of Sentences 124

3.3.3 Coherence of Sentences 128

3.3.4 Conciseness of Sentences 135

3.3.5 Emphasis of Sentences 141

3.3.6 Variety of Sentences 149

ASSIGNMENTS: 157

Chapter Four Rhetorical Devices 167

4.1 General Remarks 167

4.2 The Function of Figures In Writing 168

4.3 Commonly Used Figures 170

4.3.1 Simile 170

ASSIGNMENTS: 178

4.3.2 Metaphor 179

ASSIGNMENTS: 187

4.3.3 Metonymy 191

4.3.4 Synecdoche 199

ASSIGNMENTS: 204

4.3.5 Personification 206

ASSIGNMENTS: 210

4.3.6 Euphemism 212

ASSIGNMENTS: 218

4.3.7 Overstatement 219

4.3.8 Understatement 222

ASSIGNMENTS: 226

4.3.9 Irony 227

4.3.10 Alliteration 230

ASSIGNMENTS: 232

4.3.11 pun 234

4.3.12 Oxymoron 238

4.3.13 Paradox 242

ASSIGNMENTS: 244

4.3.14 Transferred Epithet 245

4.3.15 Zeugma 249

ASSIGNMENTS: 252

4.3.16 Parody 254

ASSIGNMENTS: 265

Chapter Five The Practical Writing 266

5.1 General Remarks 266

5.2 Types of Practical Writing 267

5.2.1 Notices 267

5.2.2 Notes 269

ASSIGNMENTS: 277

5.2.3 Letters 278

5.2.4 Resumes 309

ASSIGNMENTS: 322

Chapter Six The Paragraph 323

6.1 General Remarks 323

6 2 Features of a Paragraph 325

6.2.1 About Unity 327

6.2.2 About Completeness 328

6.2.3 About Coherence 329

6.3 Structure of a Paragraph 332

6.3.1 The topic sentence 332

6.3.2 Developing sentences(or Supporting details) 343

6.3.3 The concluding sentence 343

6.4 How to write good paragraphs 344

6.5 Appreciation of effective paragraphs 346

ASSIGNMENTS: 348

6.6 Ways of Expanding a Paragraph 353

6.6.1 Expansion by Time 354

ASSIGNMENTS: 357

6.6.2 Expansion by Process 357

ASSIGNMENTS: 358

6.6.3 Expansion by Space 359

ASSIGNMENTS: 361

6.6.4 Expansion by Example or illustration 362

ASSIGNMENTS: 364

6.6.5 Expansion by Comparison and Contrast 365

ASSIGNMENTS: 370

6.6.6 Expansion by Cause and Effect 372

ASSIGNMENTS: 376

6.6.7 Expansion by Classification 379

ASSIGNMENTS: 381

6.6.8 Expansion by Definition 384

ASSIGNMENTS: 387

Chapter Seven Organizing the Whole Composition 391

7.1 General Remarks 391

7 2 Basic Principles 397

7.3 Structure of Writing 398

7.3.1 Opening Paragraph 399

7.3.2 Body Paragraph 403

7.3.3 Concluding Paragraph 406

7.4 Stages of Writing 410

7.4.1 Basic stages 410

7.4.2 Specific steps 412

7.5 Samples of the whole composition 415

ASSIGNMENTS: 419

Chapter Eight Types of Writing 420

8.1 General Remarks 420

8.2 Different Types of Compositions of TEM-4 420

8.2.1 The Outlining Composition 420

8.2.2 The Graphic Composition 428

8.2.3 The Set-situational Composition 431

ASSIGNMENTS: 434

8.3 Description 435

8.3.1 Description of a person 436

8.3.2 Description of a scene/scenery 439

8.3.3 Description of an object 442

8.3.4 Description of a Place 444

ASSIGNMENTS: 447

8.4 Narration 451

8.4.1 Structure and composition 452

8.4.2 Basic requirements of writing a Narrative 453

8.4.3 Samples 453

ASSIGNMENTS: 458

8.5 Exposition 461

8.5.1 Function of Exposition 463

8.5.2 Skill of Writing Exposition 464

8.5.3 Common Ways of Writing Exposition 464

ASSIGNMENTS: 467

ASSIGNMENTS: 468

ASSIGNMENTS: 471

ASSIGNMENTS: 474

ASSIGNMENTS: 479

ASSIGNMENTS: 484

8.5.4 Appreciation of Common Expositions 486

8.6 Argumentation 490

8.6.1 Striking features of argumentation 491

8.6.2 Samples 494

ASSIGNMENTS: 499

8.7 Writing Different Compositions by Assigning Subjects 504

Chapter Nine The Summary,Brief Comment and Book Report 512

9.1 General Remarks 512

9.2 Practice of Writing Summary,Brief Comment,and Book Report 513

9.2.1 The Summary 513

9.2.2 The Brief Comment 519

9.2.3 The Book report 528

ASSIGNMENTS: 548

Chapter Ten The Academic Paper 551

10.1 General Remarks 551

10.2 General Principles and Techniques 552

10.3 Layout and Process 563

10.3.1 Layout 563

10.3.2 Process 564

10.4 Format 565

10.4.1 Overall arrangement 565

10.4.2 Styles of documentation 566

10.5 Samples of Academic Papers 571

ASSIGNMENTS: 640

APPENDIX 641

BIBLIOGRAPHY 663