Chapter One Fundamental Knowledge 1
1.1 General Remarks 1
1.2 Basic Rules of Manuscript Form 2
1.2.1 Arrangement 3
1.2.2 Word Division 5
1.2.3 Capitalization 6
1.3 Handwriting 10
1.4 Punctuation 11
1.4.1 The Comma 11
1.4.2 The Period 14
1.4.3 The Semicolon 15
1.4.4 The Colon 16
1.4.5 The Question Mark 17
1.4.6 The Exclamation Mark 17
1.4.7 Quotation Marks 18
1.4.8 Parenthesis/Brackets 20
1.4.9 The Dash 21
1.4.10 The Slash 23
1.4.11 Ellipsis/Dots 24
1.4.12 The Apostrophe 24
1.4.13 The Hyphen 25
1.4.14 Underlining and Italics 26
ASSIGNMENTS: 28
Chapter Two Phraseology 32
2.1 General Remarks 32
2.2 Types of Words 32
2.3 Sorts of Lexical Item 33
2.3.1 Synonymy 33
2.3.2 Gradable Antonymy 36
2.3.3 Hyponymy 38
2.3.4 Polysemy 39
2.3.5 Homonymy 41
2.4 Levels of Words 44
2.4.1 Common Words 45
2.4.2 Formal Words 48
2.4.3 Informal Words 49
2.5 Meaning of Words 59
2.5.1 Contextual Meaning 61
2.5.2 Denotative Meaning 63
2.5.3 Connotative Meaning 64
2.6 Choice of Words 68
2.6.1 Essential Points of Choosing Words 69
2.6.2 General and Specific Words 84
2.6.3 Vitality of Some Words 90
2.7 Appreciation of Skillful Diction 93
ASSIGNMENTS: 95
Chapter Three Making Right and Effective Sentences 101
3.1 General Remarks 101
3.2 Types of Sentences 103
3.2.1 The Use of Sentences 103
3.2.2 The Structure of Sentences 111
3.2.3 The Rhetorical Form of Sentences 117
3.3 Effective Sentences 123
3.3.1 Correctness of Sentences 123
3.3.2 Unity of Sentences 124
3.3.3 Coherence of Sentences 128
3.3.4 Conciseness of Sentences 135
3.3.5 Emphasis of Sentences 141
3.3.6 Variety of Sentences 149
ASSIGNMENTS: 157
Chapter Four Rhetorical Devices 167
4.1 General Remarks 167
4.2 The Function of Figures In Writing 168
4.3 Commonly Used Figures 170
4.3.1 Simile 170
ASSIGNMENTS: 178
4.3.2 Metaphor 179
ASSIGNMENTS: 187
4.3.3 Metonymy 191
4.3.4 Synecdoche 199
ASSIGNMENTS: 204
4.3.5 Personification 206
ASSIGNMENTS: 210
4.3.6 Euphemism 212
ASSIGNMENTS: 218
4.3.7 Overstatement 219
4.3.8 Understatement 222
ASSIGNMENTS: 226
4.3.9 Irony 227
4.3.10 Alliteration 230
ASSIGNMENTS: 232
4.3.11 pun 234
4.3.12 Oxymoron 238
4.3.13 Paradox 242
ASSIGNMENTS: 244
4.3.14 Transferred Epithet 245
4.3.15 Zeugma 249
ASSIGNMENTS: 252
4.3.16 Parody 254
ASSIGNMENTS: 265
Chapter Five The Practical Writing 266
5.1 General Remarks 266
5.2 Types of Practical Writing 267
5.2.1 Notices 267
5.2.2 Notes 269
ASSIGNMENTS: 277
5.2.3 Letters 278
5.2.4 Resumes 309
ASSIGNMENTS: 322
Chapter Six The Paragraph 323
6.1 General Remarks 323
6 2 Features of a Paragraph 325
6.2.1 About Unity 327
6.2.2 About Completeness 328
6.2.3 About Coherence 329
6.3 Structure of a Paragraph 332
6.3.1 The topic sentence 332
6.3.2 Developing sentences(or Supporting details) 343
6.3.3 The concluding sentence 343
6.4 How to write good paragraphs 344
6.5 Appreciation of effective paragraphs 346
ASSIGNMENTS: 348
6.6 Ways of Expanding a Paragraph 353
6.6.1 Expansion by Time 354
ASSIGNMENTS: 357
6.6.2 Expansion by Process 357
ASSIGNMENTS: 358
6.6.3 Expansion by Space 359
ASSIGNMENTS: 361
6.6.4 Expansion by Example or illustration 362
ASSIGNMENTS: 364
6.6.5 Expansion by Comparison and Contrast 365
ASSIGNMENTS: 370
6.6.6 Expansion by Cause and Effect 372
ASSIGNMENTS: 376
6.6.7 Expansion by Classification 379
ASSIGNMENTS: 381
6.6.8 Expansion by Definition 384
ASSIGNMENTS: 387
Chapter Seven Organizing the Whole Composition 391
7.1 General Remarks 391
7 2 Basic Principles 397
7.3 Structure of Writing 398
7.3.1 Opening Paragraph 399
7.3.2 Body Paragraph 403
7.3.3 Concluding Paragraph 406
7.4 Stages of Writing 410
7.4.1 Basic stages 410
7.4.2 Specific steps 412
7.5 Samples of the whole composition 415
ASSIGNMENTS: 419
Chapter Eight Types of Writing 420
8.1 General Remarks 420
8.2 Different Types of Compositions of TEM-4 420
8.2.1 The Outlining Composition 420
8.2.2 The Graphic Composition 428
8.2.3 The Set-situational Composition 431
ASSIGNMENTS: 434
8.3 Description 435
8.3.1 Description of a person 436
8.3.2 Description of a scene/scenery 439
8.3.3 Description of an object 442
8.3.4 Description of a Place 444
ASSIGNMENTS: 447
8.4 Narration 451
8.4.1 Structure and composition 452
8.4.2 Basic requirements of writing a Narrative 453
8.4.3 Samples 453
ASSIGNMENTS: 458
8.5 Exposition 461
8.5.1 Function of Exposition 463
8.5.2 Skill of Writing Exposition 464
8.5.3 Common Ways of Writing Exposition 464
ASSIGNMENTS: 467
ASSIGNMENTS: 468
ASSIGNMENTS: 471
ASSIGNMENTS: 474
ASSIGNMENTS: 479
ASSIGNMENTS: 484
8.5.4 Appreciation of Common Expositions 486
8.6 Argumentation 490
8.6.1 Striking features of argumentation 491
8.6.2 Samples 494
ASSIGNMENTS: 499
8.7 Writing Different Compositions by Assigning Subjects 504
Chapter Nine The Summary,Brief Comment and Book Report 512
9.1 General Remarks 512
9.2 Practice of Writing Summary,Brief Comment,and Book Report 513
9.2.1 The Summary 513
9.2.2 The Brief Comment 519
9.2.3 The Book report 528
ASSIGNMENTS: 548
Chapter Ten The Academic Paper 551
10.1 General Remarks 551
10.2 General Principles and Techniques 552
10.3 Layout and Process 563
10.3.1 Layout 563
10.3.2 Process 564
10.4 Format 565
10.4.1 Overall arrangement 565
10.4.2 Styles of documentation 566
10.5 Samples of Academic Papers 571
ASSIGNMENTS: 640
APPENDIX 641
BIBLIOGRAPHY 663