Biological Reactions Caused By Electric Currents and By X-RaysPDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ．General Introduction and Essentials 1

Ⅰ．ON ANALOGIES 3

Ⅱ．A HYPOTHETICAL EQUATION OF METABOLISM 9

1．Introduction 9

2．The organization of Life 10

3．A generalized conception of metabolism 11

4．The mathematical formulation of certain processes of metabolism 13

Ⅲ．SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES 18

Part Ⅱ．Electrical Excitation of the Nerve 23

Ⅰ．INTRODUCTION，SUPPLEMENTARY HYPOTHESES，AND DEFINITIONS 25

1．The existing theories 25

2．The basis of a new theory 28

3．The origin of the Physical Electrotonus 30

4．The Physiological Electrotonus 33

5．The condition for excitation 35

6．The two possibilities:τ1 > τ2 and τ1 < τ2 35

Ⅱ．THE CASE τ1 > τ2 36

a．Electrotonic complications will not occur (c1 = c2;c3 = c4) 37

1．Constant current of short duration which causes no excitation 37

2．Constant current of infinitely long duration which causes no excitation 39

3．Rectangular current-pulse eliciting excitation．＂Make-excitation＂ 41

4．Influence of various factors on the magnitudes introduced 43

5．Condenser-discharge 44

6．Exponentially rising currents 48

7．Linearly rising currents 55

8．＂Break-excitation＂ 55

9．Gap in a constant current 61

10．Alternating current 64

11．Excitability 68

12．The experiments of Erlanger and Blair 70

13．The＂état d＇excitation＂after a short current-pulse 72

14．Changes of the Rheobase after accomodation 73

b．The influence of the Physiological Electrotonus (c1 > c2，c3 > c4) 77

1．The general equation 77

2．Cases in which the Physiological Electrotonus has no influence 78

3．Subliminal constant current of finite duration 79

4．Subliminal constant current of infinitely long duration．Pflüger＇s scheme 79

5．Chweitzer＇s scheme 81

6．Exponentially rising currents 83

Ⅲ．THE CASE τ1 < τ2 86

a．Electrotonic complications will not occur (c1 = c2，c3 = c4) 87

1．The reduced equations 87

2．Constant direct current of short duration 88

3．Constant current of infinitely long duration，which does not excite 89

4．Make-excitation 91

5．Condenser-discharge 94

6．The other cases 99

7．Excitability 100

8．Changes of the Rheobase after accomodation 100

b．The influence of the Physiological Electrotonus (c1 < c2，c3 < c4) 101

1．The general equation 101

2．Cases in which the Physiological Electrotonus has no influence 101

3．The schemes of Pflüger and Chweitzer 102

Ⅳ．CRITICISM AND EXTENSION 103

1．The quantitative discrepancies 103

2．The generalized equations 105

3．The＂état d＇excitation＂with constant current 110

4．The Constant Quantity Relation 115

5．Exponentially rising currents 117

6．Chweitzer＇s Scheme 120

Ⅴ．SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 123

Part Ⅲ．Biological Reactions caused by X-and γ-Rays 131

Ⅰ．INTRODUCTION 133

1．General aspects of the problems 133

2．The primum movens 134

3．The potency of recovery．Sievert＇s theory 136

Ⅱ．METABOLISM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF X-RAYS 139

1．Hypotheses to be used 139

2．The limited applicability of the general equations 142

Ⅲ．THE EXPERIMENTS OF A．FORSSBERG 145

1．Results of the experiments 145

2．The second series of observations and the theory 148

3．Comparison of the theory with the observed properties of the reactions 150

Ⅳ．OTHER REACTIONS 156

1．Reversible changes 156

2．Irreversible changes．The Radiobase 159

3．The limited applicability of the proposes equation of metabolism 161

Ⅴ．THE TIME-FACTOR 164

1．Schwarzschild＇s law 164

2．The cumulative dosage 170

Ⅵ．RELATIONSHIP TO THE HIT-THEORY 171

Ⅶ．A HYDRAULIC MODEL 176

Ⅷ．POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF X-RAY THERAPY 178

1．Problems and technique 178

2．Can the theory be of use in therapy? 179

3．Some applications of the theory 181

4．Possibility of a method with creeping-up dosage 181

Ⅸ．SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 185

EPILOGUE 192

LIST OF AUTHORS MENTIONED 195

AUTHOR INDEX 198

SUBJECT INDEX 200