Capital A Critique of Political Economy Volume I The Process of Capitalist ProductionPDF电子书下载

EDITOR＇S NOTE TO THE FIRST AMERICAN EDITION 7

AUTHOR＇S PREFACES－Ⅰ．To the First Edition 11

AUTHOR＇S PREFACES－Ⅱ．To the Second Edition 16

EDITOR＇S PREFACE－To the First English Translation 27

EDITOR＇S PREFACE－To the Fourth German Edition 32

PART Ⅰ．COMMODITIES AND MONEY． 41

CHAPTER Ⅰ．Commodities 41

Section 1．The two Factors of a Commodity;Use Value and Value(the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value) 41

Section 2．The Twofold Character of the Labour embodied in Commodities 48

Section 3．The Form of Value,or Exchange Value 54

A．Elementary or Accidental Form of Value 56

1．The two Poles of the Expression of Value:Relative Form and Fquivalent Form 56

2．The Relative Form of Value 57

(a．)The Nature and Import of this Form 57

(b．)Quantitative Determination of Relative Value 61

3．The Equivalent Form of Value 64

4．The Elementary Form of Value considered as a Whole 69

B．Total or Expanded Form of Value 72

1．The Expanded Relative Form of Value 72

2．The Particular Equivalent Form 73

3．Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value 74

C．The General Form of Value 75

1．The altered Character of the Form of Value 75

2．The interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value and of the Equivalent Form 78

3．Transition from the General Form to the Money Form 79

D．The Money Form 80

Section 4．The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof 81

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Exchange 96

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Money．or the Circulation of Commodities 106

Section 1．The Measure of Value 106

Section 2．The Medium of Circulation 116

a．The Metamorphosis of Commodities 116

b．The Currency of Money 128

c．Coin,and Symbols of Value 140

Section 3．Money 146

a．Hoarding 146

b．Means of Payment 151

c．Universal Money 159

PART Ⅱ．THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL． 163

CHAPTER Ⅳ．The General Formula for Capltal 168

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital 173

CHAPTER Ⅵ．The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power 185

PART Ⅲ．THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUE． 197

CHAPTER Ⅶ．The Labour Process and the Process of producing Surplus-Value 197

Section 1．The Labour Process or the Production of Use-Value 197

Section 2．The Production of Surplus-Value 207

CHAPTER Ⅷ．Constant Capital and Variable Capital 221

CHAPTER Ⅸ．The Rate of Surplus-Value 235

Section 1．The Degree of Exploitation of Lahour-Power 235

Section 2．The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by corresponding proportional Parts of the Product itself 244

Section 3．Senior＇s＂Last Hour,＂ 248

Section 4．Surplus-Produce 254

CHAPTER Ⅹ．The Working-Day 255

Section 1．The Limits of the Working-Day 255

Section 2．The Greed for Surplus-Labour．Manufacturer and Boyard 259

Section 3．Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation 268

Section 4．Day and Night Work．The Relay System 282

Section 5．The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day．Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century 290

Section 6．The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day．Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time．The English Factory Acts,1833 to 1864 304

Section 7．The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day．Re-action of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries 326

CHAPTER Ⅺ．Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value 331

PART Ⅳ．PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE． 342

CHAPTER Ⅻ．The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value 342

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．Co-Operation 353

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．Division of Labour and Manufacture 368

Section 1．Twofold Origin of Manufacture 368

Section 2．The Detail Labourer and his Implements 372

Section 3．The two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture:Heterogeneous Manufacture,Serial Manufacture 375

Section 4．Division of Labour in Manufacture,and Division of Labour in Society 385

Section 5．The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture 395

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．Machinery and Modern Industry 405

Section 1．The Development of Machinery 405

Section 2．The Value transferred by Machinery to the Product 422

Section 3．The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman 430

a．Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital．The Employment of Women and Children 431

b．Prolongation of the Working-Day 440

c．Intensification of Labour 447

Section 4．The Factory 457

Section 5．The Strife between Workman and Machinery 466

Section 6．The Theory of Compensation as regards the Workpeople displaced by Machinery 478

Section 7．Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System Crisis in the Cotton Trade 488

Section 8．Revolution effected in Manufacture,Handicrafts,and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry 502

a．Overthrow of Co-Operation based on Handicraft and on Division of Labour 502

b．Re-action of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries 504

c．Modern Manufacture 506

d．Modern Domestic Industry 509

e．Passage of Modern Manufacture and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry．The Hastening of this Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to those Industries 514

Section 9．The Factory Acts．Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same．Their general Extension in England 526

Section 10．Modern Industry and Agriculture 553

PART Ⅴ．THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE． 557

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value 557

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Valte 568

Ⅰ．Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour constant．Productiveness of Labour variable 569

Ⅱ．Working Day constant．Productiveness of Labour constant．Intensity of Labor variable 574

Ⅲ．Productiveness and Intensity of Labour constant．Length of the Working Day variable 576

Ⅳ．Simultaneous Variations in the Duration,Productiveness and Intensity of Labour 578

(1．)Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a simultaneous Lengthening of the Working Day 578

(2．)Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with simultaneous Shortening of the Working Day 580

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．Various Formlae for the Rate of Surplus-Value 582

PART Ⅵ．WAGES． 586

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．The Transformation of the Value(and respectively the Price)of Labour-Power into Wages 586

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．Time-wages 594

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．Piece-Wages 602

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．National Differences of Wages 611

PART Ⅶ．THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL． 618

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ．Simple Reproduction 619

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ．Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital 634

Section 1．Capitalist Production on a progressively increasing Scale．Transition of the Laws of Property that characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation 634

Section 2．Erroneous Conception,by Political Economy,of Reproduction on a progressively increasing Scale 644

Section 3．Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue．The Abstinence Theory 648

Section 4．Circumstances that,independently of the proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue,determine the Amount of Accumulation．Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power．Productivity of Labour．Growing Difference in Amount between Capital employed and Capital consumed．Magnitude of Capital advanced 656

Section 5．The so-called Labour Fund 667

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ．The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 671

Section 1．The increased Demand for Labour-Power that accompanies Accumulation,the Composition of Capital remaining the same 671

Section 2．Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that accompanies it 681

Section 3．Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population,or Industrial Reserve Army 689

Section 4．Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-Population．The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation 703

Section 5．Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 711

a．England from 1846 to 1866 711

b．The badly paid Strata of the British Industrial Class 718

c．The Nomad Population 728

d．Effect of Crises on the best paid Part of the Working Class 733

e．The British Agricultural Proletariat 739

f．Ireland 767

PART ⅤⅢ．THE SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION． 784

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ．The Secret of Primitive Accumulation 784

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ．Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land 788

CHAPTET ⅩⅩⅤⅢ．Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated from the End of the 15th Century．Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament 805

CHAPTER ⅩⅪⅩ．Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer 814

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩ．Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry．Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital 817

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪ．Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist 822

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅫ．Historical Tendency of Capitalistic Accumulation 834

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅢ．The Modern Theory of Colonization 838

Works and Authors quoted in＂Capital,＂ 850

Index 866