Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis Third EditionPDF电子书下载

SECTION Ⅰ．THE HEAD AND NECK 1

THE SKULL 3

Normal 3

Anatomy 3

Growth and Development 16

Roentgenographic Appearance of Normal Juvenile Skull 19

Congenital Dysplasias of the Skull 33

Defects Associated with Meningocele and Meningo-Encephalocele 33

Lacunar Skull of the Newborn (Lückenschadel,Craniolacunia) 34

Symmetrical Parietal Foramens 35

Congenital Craniostenoses 36

Congenital Dermal Sinus 45

Trigonocephaly 45

Ocular Hypertelorism 47

The Skull in the Congenital Skeletal Dystrophies 47

Cleidocranial Dysostosis 47

Osteogenesis Imperfecta 50

Achondroplasia 50

Dysostosis Multiplex (Gargoylism,Hurler＇s Syndrome) 52

Osteopetrosis (Marble Bones,Albers-Schonberg Disease) 52

Traumatic Lesions 52

Neonatal Period 52

Fractures in Infants and Children 62

Infections of the Skull 68

Early Infancy 68

Infancy and Childhood 68

Tuberculosis 69

Syphilis 72

Mycotic Osteomyelitis 72

Leontiasis Ossea 72

Hypovitaminoses 72

Rickets 72

Scurvy 73

Vitamin K 75

Diseases of Endocrine Glands 75

Thyroid 75

Gonads and Adrenals 76

Parathyroids 76

Polyostotic Fibrous Dystrophy 77

Diseases of the Blood 77

Hemolytic Anemias 77

Leukemias 83

Polycythemia Vera 83

Reticuloses 83

Eosinophilic Granuloma of Bone 85

Neoplasms 86

INDIVIDUAL CRANIAL STRUCTURES 88

Nose 88

Normal Nose 88

Diseases of the External Nose 89

Diseases of the Internal Nose 90

Paranasal Sinuses 93

Maxillary Sinuses 95

Frontal Sinuses 99

Ethmoid Sinuses 100

Sphenoid Sinuses 100

Temporal Bone 101

Normal Anatomy 101

Development 102

Pneumatization 102

Roentgen Technic 105

Diseases of the Temporal Bone 107

Petrous Pyramids 111

Value of Roentgen Findings 111

Sphenoid Bone 113

Mandible 115

Normal Anatomy 115

Diseases of the Mandible 118

INTRACRANIAL STRUCTURES 124

Physiologic Calcification 124

Pathologic Calcification 126

Increased Intracranial Pressure 133

Relative Growth of Brain and Cranium 135

Microcrania 135

Macrocrania 137

Neoplasms 139

INTRACRANIAL PNEUMOGRAPHY 142

Technic of Encephalography 142

Normal Anatomy 143

Ventricular System 143

Subaraehnoid Spaces,Sulci and Cisterns 152

Subdural Air 154

Intracranial Tumors 156

Infantile Subdural Hematoma 156

Congenital Cerebral Malformations 161

Generalized Cerebral Hypoplasia and Atrophy 161

Hydrancephaly 162

Unilateral Cerebral Hypoplasia 162

Cerebellar Hypoplasia 163

Hypoplasia of the Corpus Callosum 164

Hydrocephalus 164

Obstructive Hydrocephalus 165

Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus 167

Value of Cerebral Pneumography 169

EXTRACRANIAL STRUCTURES 172

THE NECK 175

Anatomy 176

Physiologic Calcifications 180

Pathology 180

Pharynx and Cervical Esophagus 181

Congenital Malformations 181

Inflammations 182

Foreign Bodies 184

Neoplasms 184

Larynx and Trachea 185

Cervical Spine 187

Congenital Malformations 187

Traumatic Lesions 190

Infections 191

Neoplasms 191

SECTION Ⅱ．THE THORAX 193

EXTERNAL CONTOUR 195

THE THORACIC WALLS 201

Soft Tissues 201

Bones 205

Sternum 205

Clavicles 208

Scapula 211

Ribs 214

Diaphragm—Floor of the Thorax 218

Hypertrophic Individual Muscular Bundles 219

Displacements 221

Congenital Hernia 221

THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 227

Fetal Respiration 227

Normal Trachea and Bronchi 228

Hilar Shadows 230

Pulmonary Vessels 230

Peribronchial Lymph Nodes 231

Lungs 232

Pleura 236

PATHOLOGIC INTRATHORACIC CHANGES 239

Trachea and Bronchi 239

Congenital Malformations 239

Trachea 241

Bronchi 241

Bronchial Asthma 241

Bronchiectasis 242

Neoplasms 246

Lungs 246

Congenital Malformations 246

Circulatory Disturbances 255

Disturbances in Aeration 256

Inflammations of Lungs-Pneumonia 272

Pulmonary Neoplasms 292

Rare Types of Pulmonary Disease 297

Diseases of the Pleura 300

Inflammations of the Pleura 300

Hemothorax 317

Chylothorax 318

Pneumothorax 318

Pyopneumothorax 321

Pleural Neoplasms 324

PRIMARY PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS 326

The Portal of Entry 326

Anatomic Changes 326

Roentgen Appearance of the Primary Complex 332

Diagnostic Value of the Roentgen Examination 344

Local Complications of the Primary Complex 345

Hematogenous Spread from the Primary Focus 345

Extrapulmonary Primary Foci 348

Sarcoidosis 350

Pulmonary Mycoses 350

Primary Pulmonary Coccidiomycosis 352

Primary Pulmonary Histoplasmosis 353

THE MEDIASTINUM 357

Normal Anatomy 357

Roentgen Appearance 359

Diseases of the Mediastinum 367

Congenital Malformations 367

Pneumomediastinum 367

Mediastinal Inflammations 369

Mediastinal Neoplasms 370

Esophagus 374

Vertebral Column 374

Thymus 374

Normal Anatomy 374

Roentgen Appearance 379

Large Mediastinal Shadow and Sudden Death 381

Neoplasms and Cysts 383

Inflammations 383

Thymus and Myasthenia Gravis 383

THE HEART 385

Normal Anatomy 385

Growth and Development 386

Roentgen Appearance 387

Position and Shape 389

Value of Different Projections 392

Size of the Normal Heart 392

Pathologic Hearts 395

Generalized Enlargement 395

Generalized Decrease in Cardiac Shadow 401

Acquired Valvular Disease 403

Pericardium 409

Congenital Malformations of the Heart 412

SECTION Ⅲ．THE ABDOMEN ＆ GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 445

THE ABDOMEN 447

DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALLS 449

Umbilical Lesions 449

Thickenings of the Abdominal Wall 450

Calcifications 450

Peritoneum 452

Acute Generalized Peritonitis (Pyoperitoneum) 454

Chyloperitoneum 454

Pneumoperitoneum 454

Pyopneunioperitoneum 456

Fetal Meconium Peritonitis 457

Barium Peritonitis 457

THE LIVER 460

THE BILIARY TRACT 463

Cholecystography 463

Diseases of the Biliary Apparatus 464

THE SPLEEN 466

THE PANCREAS 470

MESENTERY AND OMENTUM 473

ABDOMINAL LYMPH NODES 474

THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 477

Fetal Function 477

Esophagus 479

Normal Anatomy 479

Roentgen Appearance 481

Diseases of the Esophagus 483

Stomach 492

Normal Anatomy 492

Diseases of the Stomach 496

Small Intestine 505

Normal Roentgen Appearance 505

Diseases of the Small Intestine 511

Large Intestine 540

Normal Anatomy 540

Growth and Development 541

Normal Roentgen Appearance 542

Congenital Malformations 545

Megacolon 552

Microcolon 556

Inflammations 557

Polyposis 561

SECTION Ⅳ．THE PELVIS AND GENITO-URINARY TRACT 565

THE PELVIS 567

Normal 567

Roentgen Appearance 568

Normal Variations 573

Congenital Malformations 581

Diseases of the Pelvis 593

Intrinsic Generalized Skeletal Dystrophies 593

Fractures of the Pelvis 594

Ischiopubic Ostcochondrosis Juvenilis 594

Osteitis of the Pelvic Bones 596

Hypovitaminosis 596

Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga 597

THE URINARY TRACT 601

Normal Anatomy 601

Kidneys 601

Renal Pelvis 604

Ureter 605

Bladder 605

Urethra 607

Normal Roentgen Appearance 607

Contrast Urography 607

Excretory Urography 613

Congenital Malformations 618

Anomalies of the Kidneys 619

Anomalies of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter 621

Developmental Anomalies of the Bladder 623

Anomalies of the Urethra 625

Urinarv Obstruction 626

Roentgen Appearance at Different Levels 628

Urinary Calculi 634

Urinary Infections 637

Urinary Tuberculosis 638

Traumatic Lesions 638

Neoplasms 638

THE ADRENAL GLANDS 643

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 649

SECTION Ⅴ．THE EXTREMITIES 655

THE SOFT TISSUES 657

Inflammations 658

Neoplasms 661

Calcification 661

Foreign Bodies 674

Interstitial Emphysema 677

Muscular Dystrophies 677

THE BONES 681

Normal Anatomy 681

Roentgenographic Appearance 684

Microscopic Anatomy of Cartilage-Shaft junction 685

Growth and Maturation 685

Primary Ossification Centers 685

Growth in Length 686

Secondary Ossification Centers 690

Constriction (Modeling) 693

Velocity of Growth and Development 694

Anatomic Variations 703

Local 703

Multiple Generalized and Scattered Normal Variants 737

Diseases of Bone 743

Generalized Undercalcification (Atrophy,Osteoporosis) 743

Generalized Overcalcification (Hypertrophy,Sclerosis) 744

Focal Undercalcification 744

Focal Overcalcification 746

Constriction (Tubulation,Modeling) 746

Transverse Lines 749

Alterations in Growth and Development 758

Maturation of the Skeleton 760

Congenital Malformations 761

Congenital Intrinsic Dystrophies 775

Traumatic Lesions 820

Infections 861

Avitaminoses 890

Hypervitaminoses 911

Bone Tumors 916

Bone Changes Associated with Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs 934

Skeletal Changes in the Endocrinopathies 954

Bone Changes in Diseases of the Central Nervous System 964

Bone Changes Associated with Cardiac Disease 966

Bone Changes Associated with Respiratory Disease 966

Bone Changes Associated with Renal Disease 966

Bone Changes Associated with Cutaneous Disease 967

THE JOINTS 972

Normal Anatomy 972

Normal Roentgen Appearance 976

Diseases of the Joints 978

Congenital Malformations 979

Traumatic Changes 979

Infectious Arthritis 979

Bursitis 983

Tuberculosis of Joints 983

Rheumatic Fever 985

Leukemic Arthritis 985

Osteo-Arthritis (Hypertrophic Arthritis) 985

Rheumatoid Arthritis 985

Intermittent Hydrarthrosis 989

Cysts and Neoplasms 990

SECTION Ⅵ．THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN 991

NORMAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN 993

Anatomy 993

Growth and Development 995

Primary Ossification Centers 995

Secondary Ossification Centers 997

Roentgen Appearance 998

CONGENITAL DISTURBANCES 1002

Malformations 1002

Systemic Dystrophies 1010

Achondroplasia 1010

Dysostosis Multiplex (Hurler＇s Syndrome) 1011

Osteogenesis Imperfecta 1011

Osteopetrosis (Marble Bones) 1013

TRAUMATIC LESIONS 1014

Dislocations 1014

Fractures 1014

Traumatic Lesions in the Disks 1016

Traumatic Disorders of Growth 1017

Ischemic Necrosis (Calvés Vertebra Plana) 1018

Adolescent Kyphosis (Seheuermann-Schmorl Disease) 1020

Habitual Idiopathic Scoliosis 1024

CALCIFICATION OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS 1025

DISEASES INVOLVING VERTEBRAS 1027

Infections 1027

Nontuberculous 1027

Tuberculous Spondylitis 1028

Rheumatoid Arthritis 1031

Syphilis 1032

Hypovitaminoses 1033

Vitamin D 1033

Vitamin C 1033

Marginal Lines 1033

Endocrine Disorders 1033

Reticulosis 1035

Hemolytic Anemias 1035

Neoplasms 1036

Primary Lesions 1036

Secondary Neoplasms 1036

Tumors of the Spinal Cord 1037

INDEX 1039