Sandoz Atlas of HaematologyPDF电子书下载

Part One General Considerations 1

Ⅰ．Fundamental Principles of Haematology 1

1．Terminology 1

2．Classification of the blood cells into groups,species and stages of development 3

Classification of the blood corpuscles into groups and species 4

Classification of the Species into stages of development 4

A) The System of the normocytes 4

B) The System of the megalocytes 4

C) The system of the basophils with soluble granulation (blood basophils) 5

D) The system of the eosinophils 5

E) The system of the neutrophils 5

F) The system of the monocytes 5

G) The system of the lymphocytes 5

H) The system of the plasma cells 5

I) The system of the megakaryocytes and platelets 5

3．Origin of the blood cells 5

4．The blood corpuscles under normal conditions 6

a) Reproduction and maturation 6

b) Functions 10

c) Destruction 10

d) Artefacts 11

5．The blood corpuscles under abnormal conditions 11

a) Hereditary familial anomalies of the blood corpuscles 12

b) Reactive (secondary) changes 12

c) ＂Primary＂changes 14

d) Disturbances in reproduction 15

e) Disturbances in maturation and in the entrance of blood cells into the circulation 16

f) Disturbances connected with the destruction of the blood cells 17

6．Cellular elements occurring in bone marrow films and not belonging to the haemopoietic systems 18

a) Cells proper to the bones and bone marrow 18

b) Cells foreign to the bones and bone marrow 19

7．Polyploidy of the blood cells 21

a) Terminology 21

b) Polyploidy under normal conditions 22

c) Polyploidy under pathological conditions;atypical mitoses and unclear anomalies 22

Ⅱ．The Technique of Blood and Bone Marrow Examination 25

1．Technique of making blood films on microscope slides 25

2．Staining of blood and bone marrow films 26

Ⅲ．Forms for Recording the Results of Blood and Bone Marrow Examinations 32

Notes on the use of the forms 32

Blood picture form 33

Bone marrow,simple form 34

Bone marrow,detailed form 35

Ⅳ．Normal Values obtained on Blood and Bone Marrow Examination 36

1．Determination of general,physical and chemical properties 36

2．Haemoglobin 37

3．Corpuscular elements 38

4．Relative bone marrow picture (haemomyelogram) 39

5．Chemical constituents 40

Part Two Systematic Survey of the Morphology of the Blood Corpuscles 41

Ⅰ．Table for the differentiation of mature leucocytes 41

Ⅱ．Tables for the differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles 42

Ⅲ．The erythrocytes 43

1．Classification of the erythrocytes 43

2．The system of the normocytes 44

Stages of development of the normocytes 44

Nucleoli 45

Mitosis 45

3．The system of the megalocytes 45

Stages of development of the megalocytes 45

Nucleoli 45

Mitosis 45

4．The erythrocytes under abnormal conditions 45

Pernicious anaemia 45

Hereditary anomalies of the normocytes 46

Secondary changes in erythrocytes;artefacts 46

Ⅳ．The leucocytes 48

1．Classification of the leucocytes 48

2．The system of the blood basophils 49

Stages of development of the blood basophils 49

Nucleoli 49

Mitosis and chromosomes 49

The basophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 49

Atypical forms of blood basophils 49

Excessive production of basophils 49

Destruction 50

Artefacts 50

Differentiation of the basophils 50

3．The system of the eosinophils 50

Stages of development of the eosinophils 50

Granulation 51

Nucleoli 51

Mitosis and chromosomes 51

The eosinophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 51

Atypical forms of eosinophils 52

Excessive production of eosinophils 52

Destruction 52

Artefacts 52

Differentiation of eosinophils 52

4．The system of the neutrophils 53

Stages of development of the neutrophils 53

Granulation 53

Nucleoli 53

Mitosis and chromosomes 53

Differentiation between segmented neutrophils and staff forms 54

The neutrophils in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 54

Atypical forms of neutrophils 56

production of neutrophils 56

Destruction 57

Artefacts 57

Differentiation of the neutrophils 57

Peroxidase reaction 57

Differentiation between immature neutrophils (juvenile and staff forms) and monocytes with deeply indented nuclei 57

5．The system of the monocytes 57

Stages of development of the monocytes 57

Mitosis and chromosomes 58

Polymorphism of the monocytes 58

The monocytes in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 59

Atypical forms of monocytes 59

Differentiation of the monocytes 60

Excessive production of monocytes 60

Destruction 60

Artefacts 60

6．The system of the lymphocytes 61

Stages of development of the lymphocytes 61

Mitosis and chromosomes 61

The lymphocytes on hereditary anomalies of teh blood corpuscles 61

Excessive production and diminished production of lymphocytes 62

Destruction 62

Artefacts 62

Differentiation of lymphocytes 62

Peroxidase reaction 62

7．The system of the plasma cells 62

Stages of development of the plasma cells 62

Granulation 63

Nucleoli 63

Mitosis and chromosomes 63

The plasma cells in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 63

Atypical forms of plasma cells 63

Excessive production of plasma cells 63

Destruction 64

Artefacts 64

Differentiation of plasma cells 64

Peroxidase reaction 64

Unna-Pappenheim staining 64

8．The system of the megakaryocytes and platelets 64

Stages of development of the megakaryocytes and platelets 64

Granulation 65

Mitosis and chromosomes 65

The megakaryocytes and platelets in hereditary anomalies of the blood corpuscles 65

Atypical forms of megakaryocytes and platelets 65

Excessive production and diminished production of megakaryocytes and platelets 66

Differentiation of megakaryocytes and platelets 66

Destruction 66

Artefacts 67

Ⅴ．Cellular Elements found on Marrow Puncture but not belonging to the Haemopoietic Systems 68

1．Cells proper to the bones and bone marrow 68

Tissue basophils 68

Vascular cells 68

Stroma cells (fat cells) 68

Osteoblasts 68

Osteoclasts 69

2．Cells foreign to the bones and bone marrow 69

Elements introduced as teh result of pathological conditions 69

Tumour cells 69

Lymphogranuloma cells 69

Elements introduced into the marrow during puncture 70

Ⅵ．Destruction of the Blood Cells 70

Ⅶ．Artefacts of Cellular Elements of the Blood and Bone Marrow 70

Ⅷ．Soiling of Blood and Bone Marrow Films 71

Ⅸ．Blood Parasites 72

Spirochaets and leptospiras 72

Malarial parasites (Plasmodia) 72

Trypanosomes 73

Leishmanias 74

Filariae 74

1．Filariae having sheathed larvae (microfilariae) 74

2．Filariae having unsheathed larvae (microfilariae) 74

Bartonellas 75

Blastomycetes 75

Part Three Illustrated Section with Explanatory Notes 76

Erythrocytes 77

Investigation of the therapeutic action of ferrous iron in iron-deficiency anaemia 8

Leucocytes 9

differentiation 9

basophils 11

eosinophils 12

neutrophils 14

monocytes 20

lymphocytes 24

plasmocytes 26

megakaryocytes and platelets 29

miscellaneous 32

Non-haemopoietic elements in the bone marrow 34

Disintegrating forms 40

Artefacts 41

Blood parasites 42

Literature 77

A．List of haematological textbooks and manuals 77

B．References to publications on cases illustrated 78

Subject Index 79

Index to Tables and Record Forms 2

Table 1 Ten genealogical table of the blood cells 2

Table 2 Classification of the blood corpuscles into groups and species 4

Table 3 Formation of diploid and polyploid cells 20

Table 4 Summary of the staining methods described and their applications 26

Table 5 Differentiation of blood cells by various peroxidase reactions 29

Form for recording the blood picture 33

Simple from for the bone marrow picture 34

Detailed form for the bone marrow picture 35

Table 6 Differentiation of mature normal leucocytes in panoptically stained blood films 41

Table 7 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in cell size and in cytoplasm 42

Table 8 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in the nuclei 42

Table 9 Differentiation of the stem cells of the blood corpuscles:differences in the nuclei 43

Table 10 Nuclear picture of the eosinophils 51

Table 11 Nuclear picture of the nurtrophils 54

Table 12 Nuclear picture of the neutrophils in Pelger＇s anomaly 55