Methods of Forensic Science Volume IPDF电子书下载

Isolation and Identification of Alkaloids＆By E．G．C．CLARKE 1

Ⅰ．Introduction 2

Ⅱ．Alkaloids 2

1．Definition 2

2．Nomenclature 3

3．Literature 4

4．Poisoning by Alkaloids 5

Ⅲ．Analytical methods 8

1．Introduction 8

2．Isolation 10

3．Purification 14

4．Identification 19

5．Estimation 26

Ⅳ．Practical Procedures 29

1．Isolation 30

2．Paper Chromatography 31

3．Identitication 35

Ⅴ．Analytical Data 39

1．Paper Chromatography 39

2．Color Tests 40

3．Crystal Tests 40

Ⅵ．Summary and Conclusions 40

Appendix A．Reagents 42

Appendix B．Analytical Data 44

Appendix C．Chemical Nomenclature 172

Appendix D．Drugs and Their Trade Names 194

References 230

Detection and Identification of Bloodstains＆By ANGELO FIORI 243

Ⅰ．Detection and Preservation of Bloodstains 244

Ⅱ．Choice of Methods for Identification of Bloodstains 245

Ⅲ．Histological,Histochemical,and Cytological Methods 247

1．Epimicroscopic Method 247

2．Microscopic Methods 248

Ⅳ．Chemical and Physical Methods 251

1．Introduction 251

2．Preparation of the Samples 252

3．Color Tests 253

4．Crystal Tests 255

5．Absorption Spectroscopy 259

6．Fluorescence Spectrophotometry 267

7．Polarography 267

8．Electrophoresis 268

9．Chromatography 269

Ⅴ．Immunological Methods 271

Ⅵ．Age of Bloodstains 273

Ⅶ．Quantitative Determination of Bloodstains 274

Ⅷ．Recommenced Methods 275

1．Microscopic Examination of Bloodstains 275

2．Paper Chromatographic Method for Identification of Bloodstains 278

3．Immunological Method for Identification of Human Adult and Fetal hemoglobin in Bloodstains 279

4．Silver Method for Age of Bloodstains 282

5．Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Determination of Bloodstains 283

References 284

Investigation of Biological Stains with Regard to Species Origin＆By F．SCHLEYER 291

Ⅰ．Introduction 291

Ⅱ．Preparation of Material for Testing 292

Ⅲ．Methods and Modifications 294

1．Precipitin Test 294

2．Antiglobulin Serum Inhibition Test 313

3．Passive Hemagglutination Methods 317

4．Other Methods 318

Ⅳ．Sensitivity of the Various Methods 328

Identification of Stains of Nonbiological Origin＆By L．C．NICKOLLS 335

Ⅰ．Introduction 335

1．Locard＇s Exchange Principles 335

2．Reconstruction 337

3．The Unusual Article 338

4．Control Samples 340

5．Packing of Exhibits 341

Ⅱ．Laboratory Examination 342

1．Isolation of Significant Material 342

2．Preliminary Examination 343

3．Detailed Examination 344

Ⅲ．Conclusions 370

1．The Investigator 370

2．The Scientist 370

References 371

Detection and Estimation of Barbituric Acid Derivatives＆By GEORG SCHMIDT 373

Ⅰ．Introduction 374

1．Therapeutic Use of Barbiturates 375

2．Poisoning by Barbiturates 377

3．Fate of Barbiturates in the Body 398

Ⅱ．Estimation of Barbiturates in Pharmaceutical preparations 410

1．Preliminary Tests 410

2．Purity and Identity Tests 411

3．Quantitative Determination 412

Ⅲ．Extraction from Biological Materials 413

1．Urine 418

2．Blood 419

3．Tissues,Qrgans,and Gastric Contents 420

Ⅳ．Purification and Separation 424

1．Extractive Purification 424

2．Oxidative Purification 425

3．Adsorptive Purification 425

4．Purification by Chromatography and Similar Procedures 425

5．Purification by Sublimation 428

Ⅴ．Identification and Determination 429

1．Color Reactions 430

2．Gravimetric Methods 436

3．Identification of Crystallized Substances 437

4．Chromatographic Methods 457

5．Spectrometric Methods 466

Ⅵ．Conclusions 479

References 482

Use of Serum Haptoglobin Patterns in Cases of Disputed Paternity＆By FRODE GALATIUS-JENSEN 497

Ⅰ．Introduction 498

Ⅱ．Historical Survey 498

1．The Discovery of Haptoglobin and Some of Its Properties 498

2．The Detection of the Existence of More than One Haptoglobin 500

3．Smithies＇ Demonstration of the Three Hp Groups 501

Ⅲ．Technique 502

1．Preparation of the Soluble Starch 502

2．Preparation of the Starch Gel 503

3．Electrophoresis Vessels 504

4．Introduction of the Serum Samples 505

5．Electrical Connections 506

6．Electrophoresis Time 506

7．Slicing of the Gel 507

8．The Addition of Hemoglobin to the Sera 507

9．Staining Methods 509

10．Control Measures 510

11．Storage of Serum 510

12．Storage of Slabs 511

Ⅳ．Patterns of the Hp Groups 511

Ⅴ．Incidence and Heredity of the Hp Groups 515

1．Gene Frequencies of the Hp System in the Danish Population 515

2．The Incidence of the Hp Phenotypes in Different Populations 516

3．The Relation of the Hp Groups to the Blood Groups 519

4．Family Studies 519

5．The Genetic Relations of the Hp Locus 523

6．Mother-Child Combinations 523

7．Twins 523

8．The Development of the Hp Groups 526

9．The Constancy of the Hp Groups 528

Ⅵ．Investigations of Rare Phenotypes in the Hp System:Family Studies 528

1．Ahaptoglobinemia 528

2．HaCa 530

3．Hp 2-1 (Mod．) 531

4．Johnson Type 531

Ⅶ．Hp Groups and Disease 531

1．Reliability of Hp Grouping of Pathological Sera 531

2．Possible Association Between Hp Groups and Certain Diseases 532

Ⅷ．The Use of the Hp Groups in Cases of Disputed Paternity 534

1．Criteria for the Forensic Application of a Hereditary Character 534

2．Exclusion Rate of the Hp System 535

3．Examples of the Forensic Use of the Hp System 535

References 536

Quantitative Determination of Carbon Monoxide＆By ANDREAS MAEHLY 539

Ⅰ．General Part 539

1．Introduction 539

2．Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbon Monoxide 540

3．Occurrence of Carbon Monoxide 542

4．The Effect of Carbon Monoxide on the Human Organism 545

Ⅱ．Special Part:Analytical Determination of Carbon Monoxide 551

1．Introduction 551

2．Determination of Carbon Monoxide Gas 553

3．Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin 565

4．comparison of Methods for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood 584

5．Secondary Changes in Blood Samples 585

Review Articles 587

References 588

Examination of Firearms and Ammunition＆By P．F．CECCALDI 593

Ⅰ．Introduction 594

Ⅱ．The Police Investigation 594

1．Bullets 594

2．Cartridge Cases 598

3．Weapons 599

Ⅲ．Technical Data 602

1．Caliber 602

2．Barrel 603

3．Ammunition 603

Ⅳ．Laboratory Examination 606

1．Function of a Firearm 606

2．Problems to Be Solved by Expert Examination 608

Ⅴ．Conclusion 635

References 636

Index 639