人与环境 第13版PDF电子书下载

PART ⅠHUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY：AN OVERVIEW 1

1 Environmental Problems，Their Causes，and Sustainability 2

Living in an Exponential Age 2

1-1 Living More Sustainably 3

Spotlight：Cast of Players in the Environmental Drama 3

Guest Essay：Natural Capital by Paul G.Hawken 16

1-2 Population Growth，Economic Growth，Environmentally Sustainable Development，and Globalization 4

Spotlight：Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population 5

Connections：Some Harmful Environmental Effects of Poverty 8

1-3 Resources 9

Connections：Free-Access Resources and the Tragedyof the Commons 11

Connections：Lessons from China 15

1-4 Pollution 10

1-5 Environmental Problems：Causes and Connections 12

1-6 Is Our Present Course Sustainable？ 13

Solutions：Some Guidelines for Working with the Earth 18

2 Environmental History：An Overview 21

Near Extinction o f the AmericanBison 21

2-1 Cultural Changes and the Environment 22

Connections：Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution 24

Connections：Consequences of Advanced Industrial Societies 25

2-2 Environmental History of the United States：The Tribal and Frontier Eras 25

2-3 Environmental History of the United States：The Early Conservation Era（1832-1960） 26

Individuals Matter：Alice Hamilton 28

Spotlight：How Should Public Land Resources Be Used？Preservationists vs.Conservationists 32

2-4 Environmental History of the United States：The Environmental Era（1960-2002） 29

Individuals Matter：Rachel Carson 33

2-5 Case Study：Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic 36

PART ⅡSCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 39

3 Science，Systems，Matter，and Energy 40

Two Islands：Can We Treat This One Better？ 40

3-1 Science and Critical Thinking 41

Guest Essay：Critical Thinking and Environmental Studies by Jane Heinze-Fry 42

Connections：What Is Harming the Robins？ 44

3-2 Models and Behavior of Systems 44

3-3 Matter：Forms，Structure，and Quality 47

3-4 Energy：Forms and Quality 51

3-5 Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law of Conservation of Matter 54

Spotlight：Keeping Track of Atoms 54

3-6 Nuclear Changes 55

3-7 Two Laws Governing Energy Changes 59

3-8 Connections：Matter and Energy Change Laws and Environmental Problems 60

4 Ecosystems：Components，Energy Flow，and Matter Cycling 64

Have You Thanked the Insects Today？ 64

4-1 The Nature of Ecology 65

Connections：Microbes：The Invisible Rulers of the Earth 65

4-2 The Earth’s Life-Support Systems 68

4-3 Ecosystem Concepts and Components 70

4-4 Connections：Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems 76

4-5 Primary Productivity of Ecosystems 80

4-6 Connections：Matter Cycling in Ecosystems 82

Case Study：Effects of Deforestation on Nutrient Cycling 90

4-7 How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems？ 89

4-8 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability 92

5 Evolution and Biodiversity：Origins，Niches，and Adaptation 95

Earth：The Just-Right，Resilient Planet 95

5-1 Origins of Life 96

Spotlight：How Did Life First Evolve？ 99

5-2 Evolution and Adaptation 100

Spotlight：What Is Artificial Selection？ 100

5-3 Ecological Niches and Adaptation 103

Spotlight：Cockroaches：Nature’s Ultimate Survivors 105

5-4 Speciation，Extinction，and Biodiversity 104

Guest Essay：The Future of Evolution by Norman Myers 108

6 Biogeography：Weather，Climate，Biomes，and Terrestrial Biodiversity 110

Connections：Blowing in the Wind 110

6-1 Weather：A Brief Introduction 111

6-2 Climate：A Brief Introduction 115

6-3 Biomes：Climate and Life on Land 122

6-4 Desert Biomes 125

6-5 Grassland，Tundra，and Chaparral Biomes 128

6-6 Forest Biomes 134

6-7 Mountain Biomes 141

6-8 Lessons from Geographic Ecology 141

7 Aquatic Ecology：Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems 144

Why Should We Care About Coral Reefs？ 144

7-1 Aquatic Environments：Types，Components，and Limiting Factors 145

Spotlight：Biofiltration 149

7-2 Saltwater Life Zones 147

Connections：Coral Partners May Enhance Reef Survival 155

7-3 Freshwater Life Zones 156

7-4 Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones 162

8 Community Ecology：Structure，Species Interactions，Succession，and Sustainability 165

Flying Foxes：Keystone Species in Tropical Forests 165

8-1 Community Structure：Appearance and Species Diversity 166

8-2 General Types of Species 169

Connections：Why Are Amphibians Vanishing？ 170

Connections：Why Should We Care About Alligators？ 173

8-3 Species Interactions：Competition and Predation 172

Case Study：Why Are Sharks Important Species？ 176

8-4 Symbiotic Species Interactions：Parasitism，Mutualism，and Commensalism 178

8-5 Ecological Succession：Communities in Transition 180

8-6 Ecological Stability and Sustainability 184

9 Population Dynamics，Carrying Capacity，and Conservation Biology 190

Sea Otters：Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction？ 190

9-1 Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity 191

9-2 The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size 192

Case Study：Wolf and Moose Interactions on Isle Royale 197

9-3 Reproductive Patterns and Survival 195

9-4 Conservation Biology：Sustaining Wildlife Populations 198

9-5 Human Impacts on Ecosystems：Learning from Nature 199

Connections：Ecological Surprises 200

Solutions：Principles of Sustainability：Learning from Nature 201

10 Geology：Processes，Hazards，and Soils 203

The Mount St.Helens Eruption 203

10-1 Geologic Processes 204

10-2 Internal and External Earth Processes 205

10-3 Minerals，Rocks，and the Rock Cycle 209

10-4 Natural Hazards：Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions 210

10-5 Soil Resources：Formation and Types 212

10-6 Soil Erosion and Degradation 216

10-7 Solutions：Soil Conservation 222

Case Study：Slowing Soil Erosion in the United States 223

11 Risk，Toxicology，and Human Health 228

The Big Killer 228

11-1 Risk，Probability，and Hazards 229

11-2 Toxicology 229

11-3 Chemical Hazards 233

Connecalons：Are Hormonally Active Chemicals a Health Threat？ 235

11-4 Biological Hazards：Disease in Developed and Developing Countries 236

Spotlight：Are We Losing Ground in Our War Against Infectious Bacteria？ 238

Case Study：The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic 241

Solutions：Producing an Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine 242

Solutions：Improving Health Care in Developing Countries 244

11-5 Risk Analysis 245

PART ⅢPOPULATION，RESOURCES，AND SUSTAINABILITY 253

12 The Human Population：Growth，Demography，and Carrying Capacity 254

Slowing Population Growth in Thailand 254

12-1 Factors Affecting Human Population Size 255

12-2 Population Age Structure 263

12-3 Solutions：Influencing Population Size 267

Case Study：Immigration in the United States 268

Guest Essay：Moral Implications of Cultural Carrying Capacity by Garrett Hardin 272

12-4 Case Studies：Slowing Population Growth in India and China 271

12-5 Cutting Global Population Growth 274

13 Food Resources 277

Perennial Crops on the Kansas Prairie 277

13-1 How Is Food Produced？ 278

13-2 Producing Food by Green-Revolution and Traditional Techniques 281

13-3 Food Production，Nutrition，and Environmental Effects 284

Solutions：Saving Children 289

Case Study：Can China’s Population Be Fed？ 293

13-4 Increasing World Crop Production 289

Spotlight：Shrinking the World’s Genetic Plant Library 295

13-5 Producing More Meat 296

Connections：Some Environmental Consequences of Meat Production 299

Spotlight：Endangered Riparian Zones 300

13-6 Catching and Raising More Fish 301

Connections：Commercial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons 305

13-7 Government Agricultural Policy 307

13-8 Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture 308

14 Water Resources 312

Water and Grain Import Wars in the Middle East 312

14-1 Water’s Importance and Unique Properties 313

14-2 Supply，Renewal，and Use of Water Resources 314

14-3 Too Little Water 317

14-4 Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water 318

Case Study：Egypt’s Aswan High Dam：Blessing or Disaster？ 321

Case Study：The Colorado River Basin 322

14-5 Transferring Water from One Place to Another 322

Case Study：The Aral Sea Water Transfer Disaster 324

14-6 Tapping Groundwater，Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water，Seeding Clouds，and Towing Icebergs 324

Case Study：Mining Groundwater：The Shrinking Ogallala Aquifer 327

14-7 Using Water More Efficiently 328

Spotlight：Water Rights in the United States 329

Solutions：The Promise of Drip Irrigation 333

Spotlight：Running Short of Water in Las Vegas，Nevada 334

14-8 Too Much Water 332

Connections：Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh 335

14-9 Solutions：Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future 335

15 Geologic Resources：Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources 338

Bitter Lessons from Chernobyl 338

15-1 Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources 339

15-2 Finding and Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources 341

15-3 Environmental Effects of Extracting，Processing，and Using Mineral Resources 343

Case Study：Some Environmental Effects of Gold Mining 345

Pro/Con：Controversy Over the General Mining Law of 1872 347

15-4 Supplies of Mineral Resources 346

Solutions：Mining with Microbes 349

15-5 Evaluating Energy Resources 349

15-6 Oil 354

Spotlight：A Brief History of Oil 359

Pro/Con：Should Oil and Gas Development Be Allowed in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge？ 360

15-7 Natural Gas 362

15-8 Coal 363

15-9 Nuclear Energy 365

Case Study：How Safe Are Radioactive Wastes Stored at Nuclear Power Plants？ 371

Case Study：Underground Storage of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States 374

16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 380

The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution 380

16-1 The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency 381

Guest Essay：Technology Is the Answer（But What Was the Question？） by Amory B.Lovins 384

16-2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency 383

Connections：The Real Cost of Gasoline in the United States 388

Guest Essay：Living Lightly on the Earth at Round Mountain Organics by Nancy Wicks 390

Connections：Using the Internet to Save Energy and Paper and Reduce Global Warming 393

16-3 Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity 393

16-4 Producing Electricity from Moving Water and from Heat Stored in Water 400

16-5 Producing Electricity from Wind 401

16-6 Producing Energy from Biomass 403

16-7 The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution 405

Spotlight：Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond Scum 408

16-8 Geothermal Energy 409

16-9 Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower 410

16-10 Solutions：A Sustainable Energy Strategy 412

PART Ⅳ ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION 417

17 Air and Air Pollution 418

When Is a Lichen Like a Canary？ 418

17-1 The Atmosphere 419

17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution 420

Spotlight：Air Pollution in the Past：The Bad Old Days 423

17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog 423

17-4 Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition 428

17-5 Indoor Air Pollution 434

17-6 Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials 437

Spotlight：Health Dangers from Fine Particles 440

17-7 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution 439

18 Climate Change and Ozone Loss 446

A.D.2060：Green Times on Planet Earth 446

18-1 Past Climate Change and the Natural Greenhouse Effect 447

18-2 Climate Change and Human Activities 448

18-3 Projecting Future Changes in the Earth’s Climate 454

Spotlight：How Do Climate Models Work？ 456

18-4 Factors Affecting Changes in the Earth’s Average Temperature 457

18-5 Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World 460

Connections：Global Warming，Kirtland’s Warblers，and Adelie Penguins 463

18-6 Solutions：Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change 464

Solutions：Energy Efficiency to the Rescue 465

Solutions：Organic Farming and No-Till Cultivation to the Rescue 468

18-7 What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions？ 469

18-8 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 472

Connections：The Cancer You Are Most Likely to Get 478

18-9 Solutions：Protecting the Ozone Layer 476

Individuals Matter：Ray Turner and His Refrigerator 479

19 Water Pollution 483

Learning Nature’s Ways to Purify Sewage 483

19-1 Types，Effects，and Sources of Water Pollution 484

Case Study：Hurricanes，Hog Farms，and Water Pollution in Eastern North Carolina 487

19-2 Pollution of Freshwater Streams 489

Individuals Matter：Tracking Down the Pfiesteria Cell from Hell 489

19-3 Pollution of Freshwater Lakes 489

19-4 Groundwater Pollution and Its Prevention 493

Spotlight：How Much Arsenic Should We Allow in Drinking Water？ 496

19-5 Ocean Pollution 496

Case Study：The Baltic Sea 499

Solutions：Bring Back the Oysters 501

19-6 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution 502

Solutions：Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage 507

19-7 Drinking Water Quality 507

Individuals Matter：Using UV Light，Horseradish，and Slimes to Purify Water 508

20 Pesticides and Pest Control 512

Along Came a Spider 512

20-1 Pesticides：Types and Uses 513

20-2 The Case for Pesticides 514

20-3 The Case Against Pesticides 515

Spotlight：How Effective Have Pesticides Been in Reducing Crop Losses？ 517

20-4 Pesticide Regulation in the United States 518

Connections：What Goes Around Can Come Around 518

20-5 Other Ways to Control Pests 520

21 Solid and Hazardous Waste 525

There Is No “Away”：Love Canal 525

21-1 Wasting Resources 526

Case Study：Mining and Smelting Waste in Montana 527

Case Study：A Black Day in Bhopal 529

21-2 Producing Less Waste and Pollution 528

Guest Essay：We Have Been Asking the Wrong Questions About Wastes by Lois Marie Gibbs 530

Solutions：Doing More with Less：Increasing Resource Productivity 533

21-3 Solutions：Cleaner Production and Selling Services Instead of Things 531

Individuals Matter：Ray Anderson 534

Guest Essay：Cleaner Production：A New Environmentalism for the 21st Century by Peter Montague 536

21-4 Reuse 534

Solutions：What Kind of Grocery Bags Should We Use？ 535

21-5 Recycling 535

Solutions：Using Composting to Recycle Biodegradable Wastes 539

Case Study：Recycling，Reuse，and Waste Reduction in Germany 540

21-6 Case Studies：Recycling Wastepaper and Plastics 540

21-7 Detoxifying，Burning，Burying，and Exporting Wastes 542

Individuals Matter：Using Landfill Methane to Heat a School 545

21-8 Case Studies：Lead，Mercury，Chlorine，and Dioxins 548

21-9 Hazardous-Waste Regulation in the United States 552

Spotlight：Using Honeybees to Detect Toxic Pollutants 553

Solutions：How Can the Superfund Law Be Improved？ 554

21-10 Solutions：Achieving a Low-Waste Society 555

PART ⅤSUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY AND CITIES 559

22 Sustaining Wild Species 560

The Passenger Pigeon：Gone Forever 560

22-1 Human Impacts on Biodiversity 561

22-2 Species Extinction 563

Case Study：Bats Are Getting a Bad Rap 567

22-3 Why Should We Care About Biodiversity？ 568

Spotlight：What Is the Economic Value of the Earth’s Ecological Services？ 571

Connections：Biophilia 572

22-4 Extinction Threats from Habitat Loss and Degradation 572

Case Study：The Plight of Migrating Birds 575

22-5 Extinction Threats from Nonnative Species 574

Connections：Deliberate Introduction of the Kudzu Vine 577

Case Study：The Termite from Hell 579

Individuals Matter：Killing Invader Species and Saving Shipping Companies Money 580

22-6 Extinction Threats from Hunting and Poaching 579

22-7 Other Extinction Threats 581

22-8 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Research and Legal Approach 582

Spotlight：Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act 586

22-9 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Sanctuary Approach 586

22-10 Wildlife Management 588

Connections：What Should Be Done About Snow Geese？ 591

23 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity：The Ecosystem Approach 594

Who Is Afraid of the Big Gray Wolf？ 594

23-1 Land Use in the World and the United States 595

Individuals Matter：The Eco-Rancher 599

23-2 Managing and Sustaining Forests 598

Solutions：Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber 606

23-3 Forest Resources and Management in the United States 608

23-4 Tropical Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis 612

Solutions：The Incredible Neem Tree 614

Connections：The Downward Spiral of Tropical Forest Degradation 616

Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Tropical Forests 618

Individuals Matter：Kenya’s Green Belt Movement 619

Individuals Matter：New Stoves Help Save India’s Forests and Improve Women’s Health 620

23-5 Managing and Sustaining National Parks 619

23-6 Establishing，Designing，and Managing Nature Reserves 621

Solutions：Parks in Costa Rica 622

Solutions：The Nature Conservancy 623

Solutions：Biosphere Reserves 625

Case Study：The U.S.National Wilderness Preservation System 628

23-7 Ecological Restoration 629

Individuals Matter：Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica 630

24 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity 634

Connections：Can Lake Victoria Be Saved？ 634

24-1 The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity 635

24-2 Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity 637

Spotlight：Invasion of Wetlands by Purple Loosestrife 640

24-3 Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity 640

Case Study：Near Extinction of the Blue Whale 643

24-4 Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries 649

Spotlight：Managing Fisheries with Individual Transfer Quotas 650

24-5 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Wetlands 651

Individuals Matter：Restoring a Wetland 652

24-6 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Lakes and Rivers 653

Case Study：Protecting Lake Baikal 654

25 Sustainable Cities：Urban Land Use and Management 661

The Ecocity Concept in Davis，California 661

25-1 Urbanization and Urban Growth 661

Spotlight：The Urban Poor 663

25-2 Urban Resource and Environmental Problems 668

Connections：How Can Reducing Crime Help the Environment？ 671

25-3 Transportation and Urban Development 671

Pro/Con：Good and Bad News About Motor Vehicles 673

Case Study：Mass Transit in the United States 677

Solutions：Curitiba，Brazil 678

25-4 Urban Land-Use Planning and Control 676

Solutions：Ecological Land-Use Planning 681

Solutions：Land-Use Planning in Oregon 683

25-5 Solutions：Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable 682

Case Study：Tapiola，Finland 683

Guest Essay：The Ecological Design Arts by David W.Orr 684

PART ⅥENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 689

26 Economics，Environment，and Sustainability 690

How Important Are Natural Resources？ 690

26-1 Economic Resources and Systems and Environmental Problems 691

Solutions：Appropriate Technology 696

Guest Essay：The Steady-State Economy in Outline by Herman E.Daly 698

26-2 Monitoring Economic and Environmental Progress 695

26-3 Harmful External Costs and Full-Cost Pricing 698

26-4 The Economics of Pollution Control and Resource Management 700

26-5 Using Regulations and Market Forces to Improve Environmental Quality 703

Solutions：Shifting the Tax Burden from Wages and Profits to Pollution and Waste 705

Spotlight：What Is Good Environmental Management？ 707

26-6 Reducing Poverty to Improve Environmental Quality and Human Well-Being 708

Solutions：Microloans to the Poor 709

26-7 Making the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies 710

Case Study：How Is Germany Investing in the Future and the Earth？ 712

Connections：Jobs and the Environment 713

27 Politics，Environment，and Sustainability 716

Rescuing a River 716

27-1 Politics and Environmental Policy 717

27-2 Developing and Influencing Environmental Policy 717

Solutions：Election Finance Reform 721

Individuals Matter：Environmental Careers 724

27-3 Case Study：Environmental Policy in the United States 719

Solutions：Types of Environmental Laws in the United States 724

27-4 Environmental Law 723

Case Study：The Regulatory Takings Controversy 725

Spotlight：SLAPPs：Intimidating Environmental Activists 726

27-5 Environmental and Anti-Environmental Groups and Claims 727

Guest Essay：Environmental Justice for All by Robert D.Bullard 728

Individuals Matter：Environmental Action on Campuses 732

Guest Essay：Covering the Environment by Andrew C.Revkin 734

Solutions：Improving Environmental Laws and Regulations 736

27-6 Global Environmental Policy 731

Solutions：Goals of National and Global Environmental NGOs 737

Solutions：Improving Trade Agreements 738

28 Environmental Worldviews，Ethics，and Sustainability 741

Biosphere 2：A Lesson in Humility 741

28-1 Environmental Worldviews in Industrial Societies 742

28-2 Life-Centered Environmental Worldviews 743

Connections：Why Should We Care About Future Generations？ 745

Spotlight：Deep Ecology 746

28-3 Solutions：Living More Sustainably 747

Guest Essay：Envisioning a Sustainable Society by Lester W.Milbrath 748

Individuals Matter：Mindquake：Evaluating One’s Environmental Worldview 750

Connections：Learning from the Earth 751

Guest Essay：Green Colleges by Noel Perrin 752

Spotlight：What Are Our Basic Needs？ 754

Appendices 1

1 Units of Measurement 1

2 Some Basic Chemistry 2

3 Classifying and Naming Species 5

Glossary 1

Index 1