PART ⅠHUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY：AN OVERVIEW 1
1 Environmental Problems，Their Causes，and Sustainability 2
Living in an Exponential Age 2
1-1 Living More Sustainably 3
Spotlight：Cast of Players in the Environmental Drama 3
Guest Essay：Natural Capital by Paul G.Hawken 16
1-2 Population Growth，Economic Growth，Environmentally Sustainable Development，and Globalization 4
Spotlight：Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population 5
Connections：Some Harmful Environmental Effects of Poverty 8
1-3 Resources 9
Connections：Free-Access Resources and the Tragedyof the Commons 11
Connections：Lessons from China 15
1-4 Pollution 10
1-5 Environmental Problems：Causes and Connections 12
1-6 Is Our Present Course Sustainable？ 13
Solutions：Some Guidelines for Working with the Earth 18
2 Environmental History：An Overview 21
Near Extinction o f the AmericanBison 21
2-1 Cultural Changes and the Environment 22
Connections：Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution 24
Connections：Consequences of Advanced Industrial Societies 25
2-2 Environmental History of the United States：The Tribal and Frontier Eras 25
2-3 Environmental History of the United States：The Early Conservation Era（1832-1960） 26
Individuals Matter：Alice Hamilton 28
Spotlight：How Should Public Land Resources Be Used？Preservationists vs.Conservationists 32
2-4 Environmental History of the United States：The Environmental Era（1960-2002） 29
Individuals Matter：Rachel Carson 33
2-5 Case Study：Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic 36
PART ⅡSCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 39
3 Science，Systems，Matter，and Energy 40
Two Islands：Can We Treat This One Better？ 40
3-1 Science and Critical Thinking 41
Guest Essay：Critical Thinking and Environmental Studies by Jane Heinze-Fry 42
Connections：What Is Harming the Robins？ 44
3-2 Models and Behavior of Systems 44
3-3 Matter：Forms，Structure，and Quality 47
3-4 Energy：Forms and Quality 51
3-5 Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law of Conservation of Matter 54
Spotlight：Keeping Track of Atoms 54
3-6 Nuclear Changes 55
3-7 Two Laws Governing Energy Changes 59
3-8 Connections：Matter and Energy Change Laws and Environmental Problems 60
4 Ecosystems：Components，Energy Flow，and Matter Cycling 64
Have You Thanked the Insects Today？ 64
4-1 The Nature of Ecology 65
Connections：Microbes：The Invisible Rulers of the Earth 65
4-2 The Earth’s Life-Support Systems 68
4-3 Ecosystem Concepts and Components 70
4-4 Connections：Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems 76
4-5 Primary Productivity of Ecosystems 80
4-6 Connections：Matter Cycling in Ecosystems 82
Case Study：Effects of Deforestation on Nutrient Cycling 90
4-7 How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems？ 89
4-8 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability 92
5 Evolution and Biodiversity：Origins，Niches，and Adaptation 95
Earth：The Just-Right，Resilient Planet 95
5-1 Origins of Life 96
Spotlight：How Did Life First Evolve？ 99
5-2 Evolution and Adaptation 100
Spotlight：What Is Artificial Selection？ 100
5-3 Ecological Niches and Adaptation 103
Spotlight：Cockroaches：Nature’s Ultimate Survivors 105
5-4 Speciation，Extinction，and Biodiversity 104
Guest Essay：The Future of Evolution by Norman Myers 108
6 Biogeography：Weather，Climate，Biomes，and Terrestrial Biodiversity 110
Connections：Blowing in the Wind 110
6-1 Weather：A Brief Introduction 111
6-2 Climate：A Brief Introduction 115
6-3 Biomes：Climate and Life on Land 122
6-4 Desert Biomes 125
6-5 Grassland，Tundra，and Chaparral Biomes 128
6-6 Forest Biomes 134
6-7 Mountain Biomes 141
6-8 Lessons from Geographic Ecology 141
7 Aquatic Ecology：Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems 144
Why Should We Care About Coral Reefs？ 144
7-1 Aquatic Environments：Types，Components，and Limiting Factors 145
Spotlight：Biofiltration 149
7-2 Saltwater Life Zones 147
Connections：Coral Partners May Enhance Reef Survival 155
7-3 Freshwater Life Zones 156
7-4 Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones 162
8 Community Ecology：Structure，Species Interactions，Succession，and Sustainability 165
Flying Foxes：Keystone Species in Tropical Forests 165
8-1 Community Structure：Appearance and Species Diversity 166
8-2 General Types of Species 169
Connections：Why Are Amphibians Vanishing？ 170
Connections：Why Should We Care About Alligators？ 173
8-3 Species Interactions：Competition and Predation 172
Case Study：Why Are Sharks Important Species？ 176
8-4 Symbiotic Species Interactions：Parasitism，Mutualism，and Commensalism 178
8-5 Ecological Succession：Communities in Transition 180
8-6 Ecological Stability and Sustainability 184
9 Population Dynamics，Carrying Capacity，and Conservation Biology 190
Sea Otters：Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction？ 190
9-1 Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity 191
9-2 The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size 192
Case Study：Wolf and Moose Interactions on Isle Royale 197
9-3 Reproductive Patterns and Survival 195
9-4 Conservation Biology：Sustaining Wildlife Populations 198
9-5 Human Impacts on Ecosystems：Learning from Nature 199
Connections：Ecological Surprises 200
Solutions：Principles of Sustainability：Learning from Nature 201
10 Geology：Processes，Hazards，and Soils 203
The Mount St.Helens Eruption 203
10-1 Geologic Processes 204
10-2 Internal and External Earth Processes 205
10-3 Minerals，Rocks，and the Rock Cycle 209
10-4 Natural Hazards：Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions 210
10-5 Soil Resources：Formation and Types 212
10-6 Soil Erosion and Degradation 216
10-7 Solutions：Soil Conservation 222
Case Study：Slowing Soil Erosion in the United States 223
11 Risk，Toxicology，and Human Health 228
The Big Killer 228
11-1 Risk，Probability，and Hazards 229
11-2 Toxicology 229
11-3 Chemical Hazards 233
Connecalons：Are Hormonally Active Chemicals a Health Threat？ 235
11-4 Biological Hazards：Disease in Developed and Developing Countries 236
Spotlight：Are We Losing Ground in Our War Against Infectious Bacteria？ 238
Case Study：The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic 241
Solutions：Producing an Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine 242
Solutions：Improving Health Care in Developing Countries 244
11-5 Risk Analysis 245
PART ⅢPOPULATION，RESOURCES，AND SUSTAINABILITY 253
12 The Human Population：Growth，Demography，and Carrying Capacity 254
Slowing Population Growth in Thailand 254
12-1 Factors Affecting Human Population Size 255
12-2 Population Age Structure 263
12-3 Solutions：Influencing Population Size 267
Case Study：Immigration in the United States 268
Guest Essay：Moral Implications of Cultural Carrying Capacity by Garrett Hardin 272
12-4 Case Studies：Slowing Population Growth in India and China 271
12-5 Cutting Global Population Growth 274
13 Food Resources 277
Perennial Crops on the Kansas Prairie 277
13-1 How Is Food Produced？ 278
13-2 Producing Food by Green-Revolution and Traditional Techniques 281
13-3 Food Production，Nutrition，and Environmental Effects 284
Solutions：Saving Children 289
Case Study：Can China’s Population Be Fed？ 293
13-4 Increasing World Crop Production 289
Spotlight：Shrinking the World’s Genetic Plant Library 295
13-5 Producing More Meat 296
Connections：Some Environmental Consequences of Meat Production 299
Spotlight：Endangered Riparian Zones 300
13-6 Catching and Raising More Fish 301
Connections：Commercial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons 305
13-7 Government Agricultural Policy 307
13-8 Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture 308
14 Water Resources 312
Water and Grain Import Wars in the Middle East 312
14-1 Water’s Importance and Unique Properties 313
14-2 Supply，Renewal，and Use of Water Resources 314
14-3 Too Little Water 317
14-4 Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water 318
Case Study：Egypt’s Aswan High Dam：Blessing or Disaster？ 321
Case Study：The Colorado River Basin 322
14-5 Transferring Water from One Place to Another 322
Case Study：The Aral Sea Water Transfer Disaster 324
14-6 Tapping Groundwater，Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water，Seeding Clouds，and Towing Icebergs 324
Case Study：Mining Groundwater：The Shrinking Ogallala Aquifer 327
14-7 Using Water More Efficiently 328
Spotlight：Water Rights in the United States 329
Solutions：The Promise of Drip Irrigation 333
Spotlight：Running Short of Water in Las Vegas，Nevada 334
14-8 Too Much Water 332
Connections：Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh 335
14-9 Solutions：Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future 335
15 Geologic Resources：Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources 338
Bitter Lessons from Chernobyl 338
15-1 Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources 339
15-2 Finding and Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources 341
15-3 Environmental Effects of Extracting，Processing，and Using Mineral Resources 343
Case Study：Some Environmental Effects of Gold Mining 345
Pro/Con：Controversy Over the General Mining Law of 1872 347
15-4 Supplies of Mineral Resources 346
Solutions：Mining with Microbes 349
15-5 Evaluating Energy Resources 349
15-6 Oil 354
Spotlight：A Brief History of Oil 359
Pro/Con：Should Oil and Gas Development Be Allowed in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge？ 360
15-7 Natural Gas 362
15-8 Coal 363
15-9 Nuclear Energy 365
Case Study：How Safe Are Radioactive Wastes Stored at Nuclear Power Plants？ 371
Case Study：Underground Storage of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States 374
16 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 380
The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution 380
16-1 The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency 381
Guest Essay：Technology Is the Answer（But What Was the Question？） by Amory B.Lovins 384
16-2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency 383
Connections：The Real Cost of Gasoline in the United States 388
Guest Essay：Living Lightly on the Earth at Round Mountain Organics by Nancy Wicks 390
Connections：Using the Internet to Save Energy and Paper and Reduce Global Warming 393
16-3 Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity 393
16-4 Producing Electricity from Moving Water and from Heat Stored in Water 400
16-5 Producing Electricity from Wind 401
16-6 Producing Energy from Biomass 403
16-7 The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution 405
Spotlight：Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond Scum 408
16-8 Geothermal Energy 409
16-9 Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower 410
16-10 Solutions：A Sustainable Energy Strategy 412
PART Ⅳ ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION 417
17 Air and Air Pollution 418
When Is a Lichen Like a Canary？ 418
17-1 The Atmosphere 419
17-2 Outdoor Air Pollution 420
Spotlight：Air Pollution in the Past：The Bad Old Days 423
17-3 Photochemical and Industrial Smog 423
17-4 Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition 428
17-5 Indoor Air Pollution 434
17-6 Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials 437
Spotlight：Health Dangers from Fine Particles 440
17-7 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution 439
18 Climate Change and Ozone Loss 446
A.D.2060：Green Times on Planet Earth 446
18-1 Past Climate Change and the Natural Greenhouse Effect 447
18-2 Climate Change and Human Activities 448
18-3 Projecting Future Changes in the Earth’s Climate 454
Spotlight：How Do Climate Models Work？ 456
18-4 Factors Affecting Changes in the Earth’s Average Temperature 457
18-5 Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World 460
Connections：Global Warming，Kirtland’s Warblers，and Adelie Penguins 463
18-6 Solutions：Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change 464
Solutions：Energy Efficiency to the Rescue 465
Solutions：Organic Farming and No-Till Cultivation to the Rescue 468
18-7 What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions？ 469
18-8 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 472
Connections：The Cancer You Are Most Likely to Get 478
18-9 Solutions：Protecting the Ozone Layer 476
Individuals Matter：Ray Turner and His Refrigerator 479
19 Water Pollution 483
Learning Nature’s Ways to Purify Sewage 483
19-1 Types，Effects，and Sources of Water Pollution 484
Case Study：Hurricanes，Hog Farms，and Water Pollution in Eastern North Carolina 487
19-2 Pollution of Freshwater Streams 489
Individuals Matter：Tracking Down the Pfiesteria Cell from Hell 489
19-3 Pollution of Freshwater Lakes 489
19-4 Groundwater Pollution and Its Prevention 493
Spotlight：How Much Arsenic Should We Allow in Drinking Water？ 496
19-5 Ocean Pollution 496
Case Study：The Baltic Sea 499
Solutions：Bring Back the Oysters 501
19-6 Solutions：Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution 502
Solutions：Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage 507
19-7 Drinking Water Quality 507
Individuals Matter：Using UV Light，Horseradish，and Slimes to Purify Water 508
20 Pesticides and Pest Control 512
Along Came a Spider 512
20-1 Pesticides：Types and Uses 513
20-2 The Case for Pesticides 514
20-3 The Case Against Pesticides 515
Spotlight：How Effective Have Pesticides Been in Reducing Crop Losses？ 517
20-4 Pesticide Regulation in the United States 518
Connections：What Goes Around Can Come Around 518
20-5 Other Ways to Control Pests 520
21 Solid and Hazardous Waste 525
There Is No “Away”：Love Canal 525
21-1 Wasting Resources 526
Case Study：Mining and Smelting Waste in Montana 527
Case Study：A Black Day in Bhopal 529
21-2 Producing Less Waste and Pollution 528
Guest Essay：We Have Been Asking the Wrong Questions About Wastes by Lois Marie Gibbs 530
Solutions：Doing More with Less：Increasing Resource Productivity 533
21-3 Solutions：Cleaner Production and Selling Services Instead of Things 531
Individuals Matter：Ray Anderson 534
Guest Essay：Cleaner Production：A New Environmentalism for the 21st Century by Peter Montague 536
21-4 Reuse 534
Solutions：What Kind of Grocery Bags Should We Use？ 535
21-5 Recycling 535
Solutions：Using Composting to Recycle Biodegradable Wastes 539
Case Study：Recycling，Reuse，and Waste Reduction in Germany 540
21-6 Case Studies：Recycling Wastepaper and Plastics 540
21-7 Detoxifying，Burning，Burying，and Exporting Wastes 542
Individuals Matter：Using Landfill Methane to Heat a School 545
21-8 Case Studies：Lead，Mercury，Chlorine，and Dioxins 548
21-9 Hazardous-Waste Regulation in the United States 552
Spotlight：Using Honeybees to Detect Toxic Pollutants 553
Solutions：How Can the Superfund Law Be Improved？ 554
21-10 Solutions：Achieving a Low-Waste Society 555
PART ⅤSUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY AND CITIES 559
22 Sustaining Wild Species 560
The Passenger Pigeon：Gone Forever 560
22-1 Human Impacts on Biodiversity 561
22-2 Species Extinction 563
Case Study：Bats Are Getting a Bad Rap 567
22-3 Why Should We Care About Biodiversity？ 568
Spotlight：What Is the Economic Value of the Earth’s Ecological Services？ 571
Connections：Biophilia 572
22-4 Extinction Threats from Habitat Loss and Degradation 572
Case Study：The Plight of Migrating Birds 575
22-5 Extinction Threats from Nonnative Species 574
Connections：Deliberate Introduction of the Kudzu Vine 577
Case Study：The Termite from Hell 579
Individuals Matter：Killing Invader Species and Saving Shipping Companies Money 580
22-6 Extinction Threats from Hunting and Poaching 579
22-7 Other Extinction Threats 581
22-8 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Research and Legal Approach 582
Spotlight：Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act 586
22-9 Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction：The Sanctuary Approach 586
22-10 Wildlife Management 588
Connections：What Should Be Done About Snow Geese？ 591
23 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity：The Ecosystem Approach 594
Who Is Afraid of the Big Gray Wolf？ 594
23-1 Land Use in the World and the United States 595
Individuals Matter：The Eco-Rancher 599
23-2 Managing and Sustaining Forests 598
Solutions：Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber 606
23-3 Forest Resources and Management in the United States 608
23-4 Tropical Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis 612
Solutions：The Incredible Neem Tree 614
Connections：The Downward Spiral of Tropical Forest Degradation 616
Solutions：Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Tropical Forests 618
Individuals Matter：Kenya’s Green Belt Movement 619
Individuals Matter：New Stoves Help Save India’s Forests and Improve Women’s Health 620
23-5 Managing and Sustaining National Parks 619
23-6 Establishing，Designing，and Managing Nature Reserves 621
Solutions：Parks in Costa Rica 622
Solutions：The Nature Conservancy 623
Solutions：Biosphere Reserves 625
Case Study：The U.S.National Wilderness Preservation System 628
23-7 Ecological Restoration 629
Individuals Matter：Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica 630
24 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity 634
Connections：Can Lake Victoria Be Saved？ 634
24-1 The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity 635
24-2 Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity 637
Spotlight：Invasion of Wetlands by Purple Loosestrife 640
24-3 Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity 640
Case Study：Near Extinction of the Blue Whale 643
24-4 Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries 649
Spotlight：Managing Fisheries with Individual Transfer Quotas 650
24-5 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Wetlands 651
Individuals Matter：Restoring a Wetland 652
24-6 Protecting，Sustaining，and Restoring Lakes and Rivers 653
Case Study：Protecting Lake Baikal 654
25 Sustainable Cities：Urban Land Use and Management 661
The Ecocity Concept in Davis，California 661
25-1 Urbanization and Urban Growth 661
Spotlight：The Urban Poor 663
25-2 Urban Resource and Environmental Problems 668
Connections：How Can Reducing Crime Help the Environment？ 671
25-3 Transportation and Urban Development 671
Pro/Con：Good and Bad News About Motor Vehicles 673
Case Study：Mass Transit in the United States 677
Solutions：Curitiba，Brazil 678
25-4 Urban Land-Use Planning and Control 676
Solutions：Ecological Land-Use Planning 681
Solutions：Land-Use Planning in Oregon 683
25-5 Solutions：Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable 682
Case Study：Tapiola，Finland 683
Guest Essay：The Ecological Design Arts by David W.Orr 684
PART ⅥENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 689
26 Economics，Environment，and Sustainability 690
How Important Are Natural Resources？ 690
26-1 Economic Resources and Systems and Environmental Problems 691
Solutions：Appropriate Technology 696
Guest Essay：The Steady-State Economy in Outline by Herman E.Daly 698
26-2 Monitoring Economic and Environmental Progress 695
26-3 Harmful External Costs and Full-Cost Pricing 698
26-4 The Economics of Pollution Control and Resource Management 700
26-5 Using Regulations and Market Forces to Improve Environmental Quality 703
Solutions：Shifting the Tax Burden from Wages and Profits to Pollution and Waste 705
Spotlight：What Is Good Environmental Management？ 707
26-6 Reducing Poverty to Improve Environmental Quality and Human Well-Being 708
Solutions：Microloans to the Poor 709
26-7 Making the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies 710
Case Study：How Is Germany Investing in the Future and the Earth？ 712
Connections：Jobs and the Environment 713
27 Politics，Environment，and Sustainability 716
Rescuing a River 716
27-1 Politics and Environmental Policy 717
27-2 Developing and Influencing Environmental Policy 717
Solutions：Election Finance Reform 721
Individuals Matter：Environmental Careers 724
27-3 Case Study：Environmental Policy in the United States 719
Solutions：Types of Environmental Laws in the United States 724
27-4 Environmental Law 723
Case Study：The Regulatory Takings Controversy 725
Spotlight：SLAPPs：Intimidating Environmental Activists 726
27-5 Environmental and Anti-Environmental Groups and Claims 727
Guest Essay：Environmental Justice for All by Robert D.Bullard 728
Individuals Matter：Environmental Action on Campuses 732
Guest Essay：Covering the Environment by Andrew C.Revkin 734
Solutions：Improving Environmental Laws and Regulations 736
27-6 Global Environmental Policy 731
Solutions：Goals of National and Global Environmental NGOs 737
Solutions：Improving Trade Agreements 738
28 Environmental Worldviews，Ethics，and Sustainability 741
Biosphere 2：A Lesson in Humility 741
28-1 Environmental Worldviews in Industrial Societies 742
28-2 Life-Centered Environmental Worldviews 743
Connections：Why Should We Care About Future Generations？ 745
Spotlight：Deep Ecology 746
28-3 Solutions：Living More Sustainably 747
Guest Essay：Envisioning a Sustainable Society by Lester W.Milbrath 748
Individuals Matter：Mindquake：Evaluating One’s Environmental Worldview 750
Connections：Learning from the Earth 751
Guest Essay：Green Colleges by Noel Perrin 752
Spotlight：What Are Our Basic Needs？ 754
Appendices 1
1 Units of Measurement 1
2 Some Basic Chemistry 2
3 Classifying and Naming Species 5
Glossary 1
Index 1