基本粒子及其相互作用 概念和唯象论：英文PDF电子书下载

1　Particles and Interactions:An Overview 1

1.1　A Preview 1

1.2　Particles 3

1.2.1 Leptons 4

1.2.2 Quarks 5

1.2.3 Hadrons 6

1.3 Interactions 6

1.4 Symmetries 10

1.5 Physical Units 13

Problems 15

Suggestions for Further Reading 16

2 Boson Fields 17

2.1 Lorentz Symmetry 18

2.1.1 Lorentz Transformations 18

2.1.2 Tensor Algebra 23

2.1.3 Tensor Fields 24

2.2 Scalar Fields 25

2.2.1 Space-Time Translation of a Scalar Field 25

2.2.2 Lorentz Transformation of a Scalar Field 28

2.3 Vector Fields 30

2.4 The Klein-Gordon Equation 31

2.4.1 Free-Particle Solutions 31

2.4.2 Particle Probability 32

2.4.3 Second Quantization 34

2.4.4 Operator Algebra 35

2.4.5 Physical Significance of the Fock Operators 37

2.5 Quantized Vector Fields 39

2.5.1 Massive Vector Fields 39

2.5.2 The Maxwell Equations 40

2.5.3 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field 42

2.5.4 Field Energy and Momentum 46

2.6 The Action 47

2.6.1 The Euler-Lagrange Equation 47

2.6.2 Conserved Current 50

Problems 55

Suggestions for Further Reading 56

3 Fermion Fields 57

3.1 The Dirac Equation 57

3.2 Lorentz Symmetry 60

3.2.1 Covariance of the Dirac Equation 60

3.2.2 Spin of the Dirac Field 63

3.2.3 Bilinear Covariants 64

3.3 Free-Particle Solutions 65

3.3.1 Normalized Spinors 66

3.3.2 Completeness Relations 68

3.3.3 Helicities 71

3.4 The Lagrangian for a Free Dirac Particle 73

3.5 Quantization of the Dirac Field 76

3.5.1 Spins and Statistics 77

3.5.2 Dirac Field Observables 79

3.5.3 Fock Space 80

3.6 Zero-Mass Fermions 82

Problems 86

Suggestions for Further Reading 88

4 Collisions and Decays 89

4.1 Interaction Representation 90

4.1.1 The Three Pictures 90

4.1.2 Time Evolution in the Interaction Picture 92

4.1.3 The S-matrix 95

4.2 Cross-Sections and Decay Rates 96

4.2.1 General Formulas 96

4.2.2 Two-Body Reaction to Two-Body Final States 99

4.2.3 Decay Rates 103

4.3 Interaction Models 104

4.4 Decay Modes of Scalar Particles 105

4.4.1 Neutral Decay Mode 105

4.4.2 Charged Decay Mode 108

4.5 Pion Scattering 109

4.5.1 The Scalar Boson Propagator 110

4.5.2 Scattering Processes 112

4.5.3 Summary and Generalization 116

4.6 Electron-Proton Scattering 118

4.6.1 The Electromagnetic Interaction 119

4.6.2 Electron-Proton Scattering Cross-Section 120

4.7 Electron-Positron Annihilation 127

4.8 Compton Scattering 133

Problems 141

Suggestions for Further Reading 142

5 Discrete Symmetries 143

5.1 Parity 144

5.1.1 Parity in Quantum Mechanics 144

5.1.2 Parity in Field Theories 146

5.1.3 Parity and Interactions 150

5.2 Time Inversion 155

5.2.1 Time Inversion in Quantum Mechanics 156

5.2.2 Time Inversion in Field Theories 158

5.2.3 T and Interactions 162

5.3 Charge Conjugation 163

5.3.1 Additive Quantum Numbers 164

5.3.2 Charge Conjugation in Field Theories 169

5.3.3 Interactions 174

5.4 The CPT Theorem 178

5.4.1 Implications of CPT Invariance 180

5.4.2 C,P,T,and CPT 181

Problems 182

Suggestions for Further Reading 184

6 Hadrons and Isospin 185

6.1 Charge Symmetry and Charge Independence 185

6.2 Nucleon Field in Isospin Space 187

6.3 Pion Field in Isospin Space 193

6.4 G-Parity 198

6.4.1 Nucleon and Pion Fields 199

6.4.2 Other Unflavored Hadrons 204

6.5 Isospin of Strange Particles 205

6.6 Isospin Violations 207

6.6.1 Electromagnetic Interactions 207

6.6.2 Weak Interactions 208

Problems 213

Suggestions for Further Reading 214

7 Quarks and SU(3)Symmetry 215

7.1 Isospin:SU(2)Symmetry 216

7.2 Hypercharge:SU(3)Symmetry 222

7.2.1 The Fundamental Representation 222

7.2.2 Higher-Dimensional Representations 224

7.2.3 Physical Significance of F3 and F8 228

7.2.4 3×3＊ Equal Mesons 230

7.2.5 3×3×3 Equal Baryons 233

7.3 Mass Splitting of the Hadron Multiplets 236

7.3.1 Baryons 238

7.3.2 Mesons 239

7.4 Including Spin:SU(6) 241

7.4.1 Mesons 243

7.4.2 Baryons 245

7.4.3 Application:Magnetic Moments of Hadrons 246

7.5 The Color of Quarks 248

7.6 The New Particles 250

7.6.1 J/ψ and Charm 250

7.6.2 The Tau Lepton 258

7.6.3 From Bottom to Top 260

Problems 263

Suggestions for Further Reading 265

8 Gauge Field Theories 267

8.1 Symmetries and Interactions 267

8.2 Abelian Gauge Invariance 269

8.3 Non-Abelian Gauge Invariance 271

8.4 Quantum Chromodynamics 277

8.5 Spontaneous Breaking of Global Symmetries 283

8.5.1 The Basic Idea 284

8.5.2 Breakdown of Discrete Symmetry 286

8.5.3 Breakdown of Abelian Symmetry 287

8.5.4 Breakdown of Non-Abelian Symmetry 289

8.6 Spontaneous Breaking of Local Symmetries 293

8.6.1 Abelian Symmetry 293

8.6.2 Non-Abelian Symmetry 298

Problems 301

Suggestions for Further Reading 303

9 The Standard Model of the Electroweak Interaction 305

9.1 The Weak Interaction Before the Gauge Theories 305

9.2 Gauge-Invariant Model of One-Lepton Family 307

9.2.1 Global Symmetry 308

9.2.2 Gauge Invariance 312

9.2.3 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 313

9.2.4 Feynman Rules for One-Lepton Family 322

9.3 Including u and d Quarks 326

9.4 Multigeneration Model 330

9.4.1 The GIM Mechanism 330

9.4.2 Classification Scheme for Fermions 333

9.4.3 Fermion Families and the CKM Matrix 333

9.4.4 Summary and Extensions 338

Problems 341

Suggestions for Further Reading 342

10 Electron-Nucleon Scattering 343

10.1 Electromagnetic and Weak Form Factors 343

10.2 Analyticity and Dispersion Relation 352

10.3 Exclusive Reaction:Elastic Scattering 355

10.4 Inclusive Reaction:Deep Inelastic Scattering 361

10.4.1 Structure Functions 362

10.4.2 Bjorken Scaling and the Feynman Quark Parton 366

Problems 373

Suggestions for Further Reading 375

11 Neutral K Mesons and CP Violation 377

11.1 The Two Neutral K Mesons 378

11.2 Strangeness Oscillations 380

11.3 Regeneration of Ko s 383

11.4 Calculation of △m 385

11.5 CP Violation 389

11.5.1 General Formalism 389

11.5.2 Model-Independent Analysis of KL→2π 393

11.5.3 The Superweak Scenario 398

11.5.4 Calculations of ε and ε′ in the Standard Model 399

11.5.5 The Gluonic Penguin and |ε′/ε| 402

Problems 406

Suggestions for Further Reading 406

12 The Neutrinos 407

12.1 On the Neutrino Masses 407

12.1.1 General Properties 408

12.1.2 Dirac or Majorana Neutrino? 409

12.1.3 Lepton Mixing 411

12.2 Oscillations in the Vacuum 412

12.3 Oscillations in Matter 415

12.3.1 Index of Refraction,Effective Mass 416

12.3.2 The MSW Effect 420

12.3.3 Adiabaticity 423

12.4 Neutral Currents by Neutrino Scattering 426

12.4.1 Neutral Currents,Why Not? 427

12.4.2 Neutrino-Electron Scattering 428

12.5 Neutrino-Nucleon Elastic Scattering 435

12.6 Neutrino-Nucleon Deep Inelastic Collision 438

12.6.1 Deep Inelastic Cross-Section 439

12.6.2 Quarks as Partons 441

Problems 445

Suggestions for Further Reading 446

13 Muon and Tau Lepton Decays 447

13.1 Weak Decays:Classification and Generalities 447

13.2 Leptonic Modes 450

13.2.1 Leptonic Branching Ratio 450

13.2.2 Parity Violation.Energy Spectrum 451

13.2.3 Angular Distribution.Decay Rate 456

13.3 Semileptonic Decays 460

13.3.1 The Ohe-Pion Mode：τ-→ντ＋π- 460

13.3.2 The 2n-Pion Mode and CVC 462

13.4 The Method of Spectral Functions 465

13.4.1 The Three-Pion Mode 467

13.4.2 Spectral Functions of Quark Pairs 470

Problems 473

Suggestions for Further Reading 474

14 One-Loop QCD Corrections 475

14.1 Vertex Function 477

14.2 Quark Self-Energy 484

14.3 Mass and Field Renormalization 485

14.3.1 Renormalized Form Factor ？ren(q2) 489

14.3.2 Important Consequence of Mass Renormalization 491

14.4 Virtual Gluon Contributions 492

14.5 Real Gluon Contributions 496

14.5.1 Infrared Divergence 497

14.5.2 Three-Particle Phase Space 498

14.5.3 Bremsstrahlung Rate 500

14.6 Final Result 501

Problems 502

Suggestions for Further Reading 504

15 Asymptotic Freedom in QCD 505

15.1 Running Coupling Constant 506

15.1.1 Vacuum Polarization 507

15.1.2 Dressed and Renormalized Photon Propagator 509

15.1.3 Vertex Renormalization 512

15.1.4 Renormalized Vacuum Polarization ？ren(q2) 515

15.1.5 Physical Effects of ？ren(q2) 517

15.2 The Renormalization Group 518

15.2.1 The Callan-Symanzik Equation 520

15.2.2 Calculation of the β- and γ-Functions 523

15.2.3 Running Coupling from the Renormalization Group 525

15.2.4 Solution of the Renormalization Group Equation 526

15.3 One-Loop Computation of the QCD β-Function 529

15.3.1 Quark Self-Energy Counterterm Zq 529

15.3.2 Quark-Gluon Vertex Counterterm Zl 529

15.3.3 Gluon Self-Energy Counterterm Zglu 531

15.3.4 The Running QCD Coupling 535

15.4 Ghosts 538

15.4.1 The Faddeev-Popov Gauge-Fixing Method 538

15.4.2 Ghosts and Unitarity 541

Problems 547

Suggestions for Further Reading 548

16 Heavy Flavors 549

16.1 QCD Renormalization of Weak Interactions 550

16.1.1 Corrections to Single Currents 551

16.1.2 Corrections to Product of Currents 553

16.1.3 Renormalization Group Improvement 557

16.1.4 The △I=1/2 in Strangeness Hadronic Decays 560

16.2 Heavy Flavor Symmetry 562

16.2.1 Basic Physical Pictures 563

16.2.2 Elements of Heavy Quark Effective Theory(HQET) 565

16.3 Inclusive Decays 567

16.3.1 General Formalism 568

16.3.2 Inclusive Semileptonic Decay:？→e-+？e+Xc 572

16.3.3 Inclusive Nonleptonic Decay:？→Hadrons 573

16.4 Exclusive Decays 576

16.4.1 Form Factors in B？3 Decays 577

16.4.2 Semileptonic Decay Rates 580

16.4.3 Two-Body Hsdronic Decays 582

16.5 CP Violationin B Mesons 588

16.5.1 B0-？0 Mixing 588

16.5.2 CP Asymmetries in Neutral B Meson Decays 594

Problems 598

Suggestions for Further Reading 599

17 Status and Perspectives of the Standard Model 601

17.1 Production and Decay of the Higgs Boson 602

17.2 Why Go Beyond the Standard Model? 605

17.3 The Standard Model as an Effective Theory 607

17.3.1 Problems with the Standard Model 608

17.3.2 Renormalization Group Equation Analysis 610

17.3.3 Supersymmetry and Technicolor 611

Problems 614

Suggestions for Further Reading 614

Selected Solutions 615

Appendix:Useful Formulas 645

A.1 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 645

A.2 Cross-Sections and Decay Rates 649

A.3 Phase Space and Loop Integrals 650

A.4 Feynman Rules 653

A.5 Parameters of the Standard Model 656

Index 657