语言研究统计方法PDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview of Statistics 1

1.1.1 Needs of statistics in linguistic studies 1

1.1.2 Definition of statistics 2

1.1.3 Types of statistics 3

1.2 Basic Concepts of Statistics 5

1.2.1 Population and sample 5

1.2.2 Parameter and statistic 8

1.2.3 Types of variables 8

1.3 Types of Data 9

1.3.1 Categorical data,ranked data and quantitative data 10

1.3.2 Observational data and experimental data 12

1.3.3 Cross-section data and time-series data 13

CHAPTER 2 NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES 18

2.1 Measures of Central Tendency 18

2.1.1 The mean 19

2.1.2 The median 21

2.1.3 The mode 23

2.1.4 Comparison of the mode,median and mean 24

2.2 Measures of Variability 24

2.2.1 The range 25

2.2.2 The quartile deviation 26

2.2.3 Variance and the standard deviation 27

2.2.4 Coefficient of variance 30

CHAPTER 3 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION,STANDARD SCORES AND WEIGHTED SCORES 35

3.1 Normal Distribution 35

3.1.1 Properties of normal distribution 35

3.1.2 Standard normal distribution 37

3.1.3 The table of standard normal distribution and its application 39

3.2 Standard Scores 43

3.2.1 Z scores 43

3.2.2 T scores 46

3.2.3 Weighted scores 48

CHAPTER 4 PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION 51

4.1 Concepts of Parametric Estimation 51

4.1.1 Estimate and estimator 52

4.1.2 Criteria of assessing estimator 53

4.1.3 Determining the sample size 55

4.2 Point Estimate and Interval Estimate 60

4.3 Application of Interval Estimation 64

4.3.1 Interval estimation of a population mean 64

4.3.2 Interval estimation of a population proportion 69

CHAPTER 5 HYPOTHESIS TEST 74

5.1 Concepts of Hypothesis Test 74

5.1.1 Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis 75

5.1.2 Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ errors 75

5.1.3 Two-tailed versus one-tailed tests 77

5.2 Hypothesis Test 81

5.2.1 Hypothesis test about a population mean 81

5.2.2 Hypothesis test about a population proportion 89

CHAPTER 6 CHI-SQUARE TESTS 95

6.1 Chi-square Distribution 95

6.2 A Goodness-of-fit Test 96

6.2.1 The chi-square statistic 97

6.2.2 Equal proportions for all categories 98

6.2.3 Test of the fit of a normal distribution 100

6.3 A Test of Independence 102

6.3.1 Contingency tables 103

6.3.2 A test of independence 103

CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 110

7.1 F Distribution 110

7.2 One-way Analysis of Variance 111

7.2.1 Requirements and procedures of one-way ANOVA 111

7.2.2 One-way ANOVA test 117

7.3 Factorial Analysis of Variance 122

7.3.1 Requirements and procedures of factorial ANOVA 122

7.3.2 Factorial ANOVA test 130

CHAPTER 8 LINEAR CORRELATON AND LINEAR REGRESSION 135

8.1 Linear Correlation 135

8.1.1 Linear correlation coefficient 135

8.1.2 Pearson product moment correlation coefficient 137

8.1.3 Hypothesis test about significant correlations 142

8.2 Linear Regression Analysis 144

8.2.1 Standard deviation of random errors 150

8.2.2 Coefficient of determination 151

8.2.3 Multiple linear regression analysis 154

CHAPTER 9 NON-PARAMETRIC TEST 161

9.1 The Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test 161

9.1.1 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for small sample 161

9.1.2 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for large sample 163

9.2 The Spearman Rho Rank Correlation Coefficient Test 166

Appendix Statistical Tables 172

Key to Some Selected Exercises 196

References 200