铅元素人为流动PDF电子书下载

第一篇 铅元素人为循环 3

第1章 多尺度铅元素人为循环分析：方法 The Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogenic Lead：Ⅰ.Methodology 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Framing the Lead Cycle 4

1.3 The Mining and Processing of Lead 5

1.4 Lead Fabrication and Product Manufacture 7

1.5 Lead Flow at the Use Stage 12

1.6 Lead Flow at the Waste Management＆Recycling Stage 13

1.7 Data Quality and Uncertainty 14

1.8 Summary 15

References 17

第2章 多尺度铅元素人为循环分析：结果与讨论 The Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogenic Lead：Ⅱ.Results and Discussion 20

2.1 Introduction 20

2.2 The Framework of Multilevel Lead Cycle Characterization 21

2.3 Multilevel Lead Flows and Cycles 22

2.3.1 The Lead Cycle for Selected Countries 22

2.3.2 Regional Lead Cycles 26

2.3.3 A Detailed Regional-Level Lead Cycle 31

2.3.4 The Global Lead Cycle 32

2.4 Comparing Lead Flows in Countries and Regions 35

2.5 Discussion 38

References 40

第3章 铅元素使用蓄积动力分析 Lead In-Use Stock： A Dynamic Analysis 42

3.1 Introduction 42

3.2 Methodology 44

3.2.1 “Top-Down” Computation of In-Use Stocks 44

3.2.2 Considerations for Specifiic Lead Product Groups 46

3.2.3 Types of Stocks and Losses 47

3.3 Lead In-Use Stock in the 20th Century 47

3.3.1 Additions to Stock in Year 2000 47

3.3.2 Global In-Use Stock， 1900-2000 49

3.4 In-Use Lead Stocks in Regions and Countries 52

3.4.1 The Disaggregation Methodology 52

3.4.2 The Results of Disaggregation 53

3.5 Discussion 55

References 58

第4章 中国铅元素人为释放动力分析及其环境累积 A Dynamic Analysis of Environmental Losses from Anthropogenic Lead Flow and Their Accumulation in China 60

4.1 Introduction 60

4.2 Methodology 61

4.2.1 The Model of Lead Emissions in Anthropogenic Cycle 61

4.2.2 Intensity and Accumulative Equations of Lead Emissions 65

4.2.3 Values of the Parameters and the Data Sources 66

4.3 Results and Discussions 69

4.3.1 The Intensity of Lead Emissions 69

4.3.2 The Accumulative Lead Emissions 70

4.3.3 Data Uncertainty and Perspectives 72

4.4 Condusions 72

References 73

第5章 铅酸电池系统的铅流分析 The Lead Flow Analysis for Lead-Acid Battery Systems 76

5.1 研究方法 76

5.1.1 铅酸电池系统及其铅的流动 76

5.1.2 评价指标 77

5.1.3 铅酸电池生命周期铅流图 77

5.2 铅流基本规律 78

5.2.1 资源效率 78

5.2.2 环境效率 79

5.2.3 环境效率与资源效率的关系 79

5.3 铅酸电池系统中铅的流动（实例分析） 80

5.3.1 中国铅酸电池系统的铅流 80

5.3.2 结果与讨论 81

5.4 结论 84

参考文献 84

第6章 中国铅流分析 The Industrial Flow of Lead in China 86

6.1 Introduction 86

6.2 Theoretical Study 88

6.2.1 The IFL Model 88

6.2.2 Evaluation Indices： External Indices 91

6.2.3 Primary Regulation of the System 92

6.2.4 The Evaluation Indices： Internal Indices 94

6.3 Case Study： the Industrial Flow of Lead in China 95

6.3.1 Brief Description of Lead Flow in China 95

6.3.2 Data Sources 97

6.3.3 Evaluation of the IFL in China 98

6.3.4 Analysis of Causes and Proposed Improvements 101

6.4 Conclusions 105

References 106

第7章 2005年北京市铅的使用蓄积研究 Lead in Use Stock of Beijing in 2005 109

7.1 研究方法 109

7.1.1 研究对象的确定 109

7.1.2 自下而上（bottom-up）法 110

7.1.3 铅酸蓄电池的产品种类 110

7.1.4 铅酸电池使用量及其数据来源 111

7.1.5 单元铅酸电池含铅量 112

7.2 结果与讨论 112

7.2.1 蓄积量及其构成 112

7.2.2 与国外部分城市对比 114

7.2.3 结果的不确定性 115

7.3 结论 115

参考文献 115

第8章 我国耗散型铅的使用现状及趋势分析 Tread Analysis on Dissipative Uses of Pb in China 117

8.1 概述 117

8.2 我国典型耗散型铅制品的现状及分析 117

8.2.1 使用状况 117

8.2.2 相关政策 118

8.2.3 相关标准 118

8.3 国外同类产品的现状及分析 119

8.3.1 国外使用状况 119

8.3.2 国外相关政策 120

8.3.3 国外相关标准 120

8.4 我国相关政策标准趋势分析 121

8.5 改善建议与展望 122

参考文献 122

第二篇 人为迁移与转化 127

第9章 矿物资源服务归趋：概念、内涵与议题 The Flows of Mineral Resources to Provide Human Service：Concepts，Connotation and Contents 127

9.1 概念 128

9.1.1 服务归趋的概念 128

9.1.2 服务归趋研究框架 130

9.1.3 物质服务归趋与环境归趋的对比 131

9.2 科学意义 132

9.2.1 科学内涵 132

9.2.2 学科意义 133

9.3 核心议题 135

9.3.1 关键问题 135

9.3.2 工作内容 135

9.4 展望与结语 136

参考文献 137

第10章 重金属人为迁移转化：概念、内涵与内容 Anthropogenic Transfer＆Transformation of Heavy Metals in Anthrosphere：Concepts， Connotations and Contents 139

10.1 Introduction 139

10.2 Concepts 140

10.2.1 Anthropogenic Transfers 140

10.2.2 Anthropogenic Transformations 143

10.2.3 Essential Characteristics 145

10.3 Scientifiic Connotations 145

10.4 Core Issues 148

10.4.1 Core Issues 148

10.4.2 Main Research Contents 149

10.5 Prospects and Conclusions 151

References 152

第11章 铅元素人为服务归趋中的变化：功能、形态与位置 Changes in the Functions，Species and Locations of Lead during Its Anthropogenic Flows to Provide Services 154

11.1 Introduction 154

11.2 Analogy between Anthropogenic Flows and Environmental Flows 156

11.2.1 Factors That Influence Environmental Lead Flows 156

11.2.2 The Relationships between the Anthropogenic and Biogeo-Chemical Lead Cycles 157

11.2.3 Comparing the Anthropogenic and Environmental Flows of Lead 157

11.3 Factors That Influence Anthropogenic Lead Flows 159

11.3.1 Tracing Flows of Lead Through Its Life Cycle 159

11.3.2 The Factors That Influence the Flows of Lead to Providing Human Services 161

11.4 Results 164

11.4.1 Changes in the Functions of Lead 164

11.4.2 Changes in the Forms of Lead 166

11.4.3 Changes in the Locations of Lead 166

11.4.4 Characteristics of the Anthropogenic Flows to Providing Service 168

11.5 Conclusions 168

References 169

第12章 中国铅元素的人为迁移与转变 Lead Anthropogenic Transfer and Transformation in China 172

12.1 Introduction 172

12.2 Methodology 173

12.2.1 Basic Concepts 173

12.2.2 Analysis of Lead Anthropogenic Transfer and Transformation 175

12.2.3 Data Sources 176

12.3 Determination of Lead Flows and Species 177

12.3.1 Lead Flow Quantities in Anthropogenic Cycle 177

12.3.2 Lead Transformation at Production Stage 178

12.3.3 Lead Transformation at F＆M Stage 179

12.3.4 Lead Transformation at Use and WMR Stage 179

12.4 Results and Discussion 180

12.4.1 Anthropogenic Transfer in Anthropogenic Lead Cycle 180

12.4.2 Implications on Resources and Environment 181

12.4.3 Data Uncertainty 183

12.5 Conclusions 183

References 184

第13章 铅元素人为循环环境释放物形态分析 Speciation Analysis of Lead Losses from Anthropogenic Flow in China 187

13.1 材料与方法 188

13.1.1 环境释放物研究框架 188

13.1.2 生命周期各阶段铅环境释放物形态分析 189

13.2 结果与讨论 192

13.2.1 各阶段铅释放物形态比例 192

13.2.2 生命周期铅释放物形态构成 193

13.2.3 生命周期铅释放物来源构成 194

13.2.4 讨论 196

13.3 结论 196

参考文献 196

第14章 全球铅元素人为释放物源头数量与形态分析 Source Analysis of Global Anthropogenic Lead Emissions：Their Quantities and Species 199

14.1 Introduction 199

14.2 Methodology 200

14.2.1 Estimation of Lead Emissions 200

14.2.2 Lead Emissions Species Analysis 205

14.2.3 Data Sources 206

14.3 Results and Discussion 207

14.3.1 Global Lead Emissions 207

14.3.2 Species Present in the Global Lead Emissions 209

14.3.3 Discussion and Uncertainty 211

14.4 Conclusions 213

References 213

第15章 多尺度铅元素人为循环的环境排放 Losses to the Environment from the Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogenic Lead 217

15.1 Introduction 217

15.2 Losses of Lead and Potential Environmental Risk 218

15.2.1 Lead Loss in Tailings 219

15.2.2 Lead Loss in Slag 219

15.2.3 Lead Losses from Fabrication＆Manufacture 219

15.2.4 Lead Losses from the In-Use Stage 220

15.2.5 Lead Losses from the Waste Management＆Recycling Life Stage 221

15.2.6 Lead Losses Not Treated in This Study 221

15.2.7 Evaluation of Environmental Hazard of Lead Emissions 221

15.3 Results 222

15.3.1 Lead Loss at the Global Level 222

15.3.2 Lead Loss at the Regional Level 224

15.3.3 Comprehensive Lead Emission Patterns for Countries and Regions 225

15.4 Incorporating Potential Environmental Hazard into the Life Cycle 228

15.5 Discussion 229

References 230

第三篇 外部效应与评估 235

第16章 铅酸电池中铅的生态效率 The Eco-efficiency of Lead in China’s Lead-acid Battery System 235

16.1 Introduction 235

16.1.1 Background 235

16.1.2 The Present Study 236

16.2 Primary Regulations 238

16.2.1 Methodology： the Lead-flow Diagram in the LAB System 238

16.2.2 Results and Discussion 241

16.3 A Case Study：the Eco-effiiciency of Lead in China’s LAB System 243

16.3.1 Brief Description of Lead Flow in the LAB System 243

16.3.2 Data Sources 244

16.3.3 Results and Discussion 245

16.4 Conclusions 249

References 250

第17章 关于中国铅的资源效率的研究 Study on the Resource Effiiciency of Lead for China 252

17.1 铅的资源效率及其变化规律 252

17.1.1 铅的资源效率的定义 252

17.1.2 铅的资源效率变化规律 252

17.1.3 资源效率估算式 253

17.2 实例应用——中国铅的资源效率分析 254

17.2.1 中国铅的资源效率现状 254

17.2.2 原因分析 254

17.2.3 提高铅的资源效率的途径及建议 256

17.3 结论 257

参考文献 257

第18章 铅元素人为循环释放物的风险评价 Risk Assessment of Lead Emissions from Anthropogenic Cycle 258

18.1 Introduction 258

18.2 Methodology 259

18.2.1 Framework for Lead Risk Assessment 259

18.2.2 Model for Lead Risk Assessment 260

18.2.3 Risk Assessment 263

18.3 Results and Discussions 264

18.3.1 Human Health Risk Assessment 264

18.3.2 Ecological Risk Assessment 265

18.3.3 Total Risk Assessment 266

18.3.4 Uncertainty Analysis 268

18.4 Conclusions 268

References 269

第19章 物质的循环流动与价值循环流动 The Material Circular Flow and Value Circular Flow 271

19.1 元素M的循环流动 271

19.2 元素M的价位变化 273

19.2.1 元素M的价位 273

19.2.2 元素M的价位变化 273

19.2.3 价值的循环流动 274

19.3 结语 276

参考文献 276

第20章 物质循环流动对价值源强的影响 The Influence of Recycling of Materials on Value Source Intensity 278

20.1 Introduction 278

20.1.1 Background 278

20.1.2 This Study 279

20.2 Primary Rules（Theoretical Study） 280

20.2.1 Methodology 280

20.2.2 Results and Discussion 284

20.3 A Case Study： the VSI for the Production Stages in the Lead-acid Battery System 286

20.3.1 Methodology 286

20.3.2 Results and Discussion 287

20.4 Conclusions 289

References 290

第21章 工业物质循环的若干收益 Several Benefiits From Recycling of Industrial Materials 292

21.1 Introduction 292

21.1.1 Background 292

21.1.2 The Present Study 293

21.2 Methodology 294

21.2.1 CFIM and Its Material Benefiits 294

21.2.2 The CFV and Its Economic Benefiits 297

21.3 Results and Discussion 300

21.3.1 Results on Various Benefiits 300

21.3.2 Discussion on Various Benefiits 300

21.4 A Case Study： the Benefiit From the Circular Flow of Lead in Lead-acid Battery System 302

21.4.1 Methodology 302

21.4.2 Results and Discussion 304

21.5 Conclusions 305

References 306

第四篇 废铅管理与政策 311

第22章 论工业中的废金属资源 On Metal Scrap Resource for Industry 311

22.1 引言 311

22.2 理论研究 312

22.2.1 若干基本概念 312

22.2.2 废金属指数基本规律 313

22.3 实例分析：中国大陆若干金属的废金属指数 316

22.3.1 估算方法 316

22.3.2 估算结果 317

22.3.3 讨论 318

22.4 结论 319

参考文献 320

第23章 论铅业的废铅资源 On Lead Scrap Resource for Lead Industry 321

23.1 分析方法 321

23.1.1 废铅的来源 321

23.1.2 废铅指数 322

23.1.3 铅产量变化与废铅指数之间的关系 322

23.1.4 废铅实得率与废铅指数之间的关系 325

23.2 实例——中国、美国、瑞典三国废铅指数的估算 326

23.2.1 铅产量的变化情况 326

23.2.2 废铅实得率的变化情况 326

23.2.3 废铅指数的估算 327

23.2.4 小结 328

23.3 讨论 329

23.3.1 中国 329

23.3.2 美国 329

23.3.3 瑞典 329

23.4 结论 329

参考文献 330

第24章 关于我国废铅实得率低下的原因的研究 A Study on the Reasons of Low Lead Recycling Rate in China 331

24.1 废铅实得率 331

24.2 铅的生命周期流动示意图 332

24.3 废铅实得率影响因数的估算 333

24.3.1 估算方法 333

24.3.2 估算结果 334

24.3.3 讨论 336

24.4 改善建议 336

24.5 结论 337

参考文献 337

第25章 中国铅流变化的定量分析 Quantitative Analysis on the Changes in Anthropogenic Lead Flows of China 339

25.1 研究方法 340

25.1.1 铅元素人为流动分析 340

25.1.2 对比研究 341

25.1.3 数据来源和计算说明 342

25.2 结果与讨论 342

25.2.1 2010年我国铅流分析结果 342

25.2.2 指标对比分析 343

25.3 结论 345

参考文献 345

第26章 中国铅流改变原因分析 The Reasons for the Changes in Anthropogenic Lead Flows of China 347

26.1 影响铅流的因素分析 347

26.1.1 铅流分析框架 347

26.1.2 影响指标 348

26.2 原因分析 351

26.2.1 终端消费对铅消费的拉动作用 351

26.2.2 铅消费对铅生产的拉动作用 352

26.2.3 铅制品国内消费率增大便于铅循环率提高 353

26.2.4 先进技术的采用 353

26.2.5 宏观管理加强 354

26.3 结论 355

参考文献 355

第27章 中国铅的使用政策现状分析 Analysis of Current Policies on Lead Usage in China 357

27.1 Introduction 357

27.2 Methodology 358

27.2.1 Lead Product Life Cycle 358

27.2.2 Policy Classifiication 359

27.3 Existing Policies and Analysis 359

27.3.1 Lead Production 363

27.3.2 Lead Products Fabrication and Manufacturing 365

27.3.3 Lead Products Use 367

27.3.4 Waste Management and Recycling 368

27.3.5 Lead Trade 369

27.4 Discussion and Recommendations 370

27.4.1 Discussion 370

27.4.2 Recommendations 371

References 371