趣味英语语法解惑指南与练习PDF电子书下载

Unit One:Introduction 2

1 Orientation 2

1.1 Words to Learners 2

1.2 Regarding Rules of Grammar 3

1.3 A Happy Median 7

E1 Exercises for Introduction 9

2 English—Indebted,Prestigious and Unpredictable 11

2.1 The Indebted Status of English:Three Periods of Language Development 11

2.2 The Prestigious Status of English 14

2.3 The Unpredictable Status of English:A Poetic Complaint 16

2.4 A Gracious Attitude 19

E2 Exercises for Introduction 19

Unit Two:Parts of Speech 24

3 Seven Word Classes of English 24

3.1 Seven Parts of Speech:A Table 24

3.2 Common Word Order and Positions 25

3.3 Identifying Parts of Speech 26

E3 Exercises for Parts of Speech 27

4 English Nouns 29

4.1 The Naming Function of Nouns 30

4.2 Concrete versus Abstract Nouns 30

4.3 Countable versus Uncountable Nouns 31

4.4 Common versus Proper Nouns 32

4.5 Collective Nouns 33

4.6 Regular versus Irregular Nouns 34

4.7 Irregular Nouns and Their Erratic Spellings 36

4.8 Useful Noun-Making Suffixes 37

E4 Exercises for Nouns 42

5 English Pronouns 45

5.1 Pronouns versus Nouns 45

5.2 Personal Pronouns 46

5.3 Possessive Pronouns 46

5.4 Reflexive Pronouns 47

5.5 Demonstrative Pronouns 49

5.6 Indefinite Pronouns 49

5.7 Interrogative Pronouns 51

5.8 Relative Pronouns 52

5.9 Expletive Pronouns 53

5.10 Reciprocal Pronouns 53

E5 Exercises for Pronouns 54

6 English Verbs 57

6.1 Analyzing Verbs in a Quotation 57

6.2 The Importance of Verbs 58

6.3 Various Attributes of English Verbs 59

6.4 Transitive versus Intransitive Verbs 60

6.5 Regular versus Irregular Verbs 62

6.6 Action,Linking and Helping Verbs 64

6.7 Verbs as Tense Markers 68

6.8 Productive Verb-Making Affixes 73

E6 Exercises for Verbs 75

7 English Adjectives 78

7.1 Semantic Functions of Adjectives 78

7.2 Attributive versus Predicative Adjectives 80

7.3 Regular versus Irregular Adjectives 81

7.4 The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjectives 81

7.5 The Gradable Status of Adjectives 84

7.6 Nominal,Phrasal,and Sentential Adjectives 86

7.7 Productive Adjective-Making Affixes 88

E7 Exercises for Adjectives 92

8 English Adverbs 96

8.1 The Modifying Capability of Adverbs 96

8.2 The Semantic Coverage of Adverbs 98

8.3 The Mobility of Adverbs 99

8.4 Conjunctive Adverbs 101

8.5 The Adverb-Making Suffix:-ly 102

E8 Exercises for Adverbs 103

9 English Prepositions 106

9.1 Attributes of Prepositions 106

9.2 Single-Word Prepositions 108

9.3 Fixed Prepositional Phrases 109

9.4 Non-Fixed Prepositional Phrases 111

9.5 Grammatical Functions of Prepositional Phrases 111

E9 Exercises for Prepositions 112

10 English Conjunctions 115

10.1 Coordinating Conjunctions 116

10.2 Correlative Conjunctions 117

10.3 Subordinating Conjunctions 118

10.4 Conjunctions versus Conjunctive Adverbs 119

E10 Exercises for Conjunctions 120

Unit Three:Controlling Word-Level Errors 124

11 Wrong Verb Form:V 124

11.1 Confusing Irregular and Regular Verbs 124

11.2 Confusing Past Participial and Perfect Verb Forms 125

11.3 How to Tackle Wrong Verb Forms 125

E11 Exercises against Wrong Verb Form 126

12 Wrong Pronoun:P 129

12.1 Confusing the Two Pronoun Cases 130

12.2 Confusing the Two Types of Possessive Pronouns 132

12.3 Confusing the Two Types of Relative Pronouns 133

12.4 Confusing the Two Types of Reciprocal Pronouns 135

E12 Exercises against Wrong Pronoun 136

13 Faulty Pronoun Reference:PR 137

13.1 Pronouns with No Antecedent 138

13.2 Pronouns with More Than One Antecedent 139

13.3 Pronouns with an Unqualified Antecedent 141

13.4 Pronouns with an Incompatible Antecedent 142

E13 Exercises against Faulty Pronoun Reference 143

14 Wrong Possessive Form:Pos 145

14.1 A Test for the Possessive Case 146

14.2 Rules Governing the Possessive Case 147

14.3 Possessive Pronouns versus Contracted Words 149

14.4 Key Points about the Possessive Form 151

E14 Exercises against Wrong Possessive Form 152

15 Wrong Spelling:Sp 155

15.1 Useful Spelling Rules 156

15.2 (More)Ways to Improve Your Spelling 158

E15 Exercises against Wrong Spelling 159

16 Wrong Word Choice:W 165

16.1 Understanding Wrong Word Choices 165

16.2 Confusing Words that Sound Alike 166

16.3 Confusing Words that Look Alike 166

16.4 Misunderstanding a Word 168

16.5 Being Careless 169

E16 Exercises against Wrong Word Choice 170

Unit Four:Controlling Sentence-Level Errors 174

17 Requirements for a Correct English Sentence 174

17.1 The Subject 174

17.2 The Predicate 175

17.3 More on the Defining Requirements 176

E17 Exercises for the Correct Sentence 177

18 Fragment:Frag 179

18.1 The Unsettling Effect of Fragments 179

18.2 Purposeful versus Purposeless Fragments 181

18.3 Causes of Fragments and Their Solutions 182

E18 Exercises against Fragment 184

19 Fused Sentence:FS 187

19.1 Overt Fused Sentences and Their Solutions 189

19.2 Covert Fused Sentences and Their Solutions 190

E19 Exercises against Fused Sentence 192

20 Comma Splice:CS 194

20.1 The Cause of Comma Splices 195

20.2 Ways to Avoid Comma Splices 195

E20 Exercises against Comma Splice 201

21 Misplaced Modifiers:MM 203

21.1 Modi fier Defined and Classified 204

21.2 Understanding Misplaced Modifiers 205

21.3 The Rule against Misplaced Modifiers 206

E21 Exercises against Misplaced Modifier 206

22 Dangling Modifiers:DM 209

22.1 Understanding Dangling Modifiers 209

22.2 The DM Rule against Dangling Modifiers 210

22.3 Ways to Correct Dangling Modifiers 211

E22 Exercises against Dangling Modifier 213

Unit Five:Controlling Inconsistency-Based Errors 213

23 Subject-Verb Disagreement:S-V 218

23.1 Common Situations behind S-V Errors 218

23.2 Ways to Correct S-V Errors 219

E23 Exercises against Subject-Verb Disagreement 234

24 Number Disagreement:＃Ag 237

24.1 Analyzing Number Disagreement Errors 238

24.2 Analyzing Writers Who Make Number Disagreement Errors 240

24.3 Ways to Control Number Disagreement Errors 241

E24 Exercises against Number Disagreement 243

25 Number Shift:＃S 244

25.1 The Problem with Number Shift Errors 245

25.2 How to Be Politically Correct Without Being Illogical 246

E25 Exercises against Number Shift 249

26 Pronoun Shift:PS 253

26.1 A Pronoun Shift that Grants Telepathic Power 253

26.2 Reasons for Avoiding Pronoun Shifts 254

26.3 How to Fix Pronoun Shifts 255

26.4 A Contrastive Look at Personal Pronouns 256

E26 Exercises against Pronoun Shift 259

27 Tense Shift:TS 261

27.1 The Various Kinds of Tenses 261

27.2 Problems with Tense Shifts 263

27.3 Analyzing Tense Shifts 263

27.4 Ways to Control Tense Shifts 264

27.5 Acceptable Cases for Tense Shifts 265

E27 Exercises against Tense Shift 266

28 Mood Shift:MS 269

28.1 Understanding the Four Mood Types 269

28.2 Understanding Mood Shifts 275

28.3 How to Control Mood Shifts 276

E28 Exercises against Mood Shift 278

29 Voice Shift:VS 280

29.1 Active Voice versus Passive Voice 281

29.2 Understanding Voice Shifts 282

29.3 How to Control Voice Shifts 283

29.4 Situations that Need Passive Voice 285

29.5 Using Both Voices Meaningfully 286

E29 Exercises against Voice Shift 288

Unit Six:Controlling the English Punctuation 292

30 An Overview of English Punctuation 292

30.1 The Semantic Importance of Punctuation 292

30.2 A Unique Quote on Punctuation 293

30.3 Classifying Punctuation Marks 294

E30 Exercises for Overview 294

31 Ending Punctuation Marks 296

31.1 The Period(.) 296

31.2 The Exclamation Mark(!) 296

31.3 The Question Mark(?) 297

31.4 Modeling the Professional 299

E31 Exercises for Ending Punctuation Marks 299

32 Non-Ending Punctuation Marks 300

32.1 The Comma(,) 301

32.2 The Colon(:) 305

32.3 The Semicolon(;) 309

32.4 The Dash(—) 312

32.5 Modeling the Professional 315

E32 Exercises for Non-Ending Punctuation Marks 317

33 Pairing Punctuation Marks 321

33.1 The Double Quotation Marks(" ") 322

33.2 The Single Quotation Marks(' ') 324

33.3 The Parentheses[( )] 325

33.4 Modeling the Professional 327

E33 Exercises for Pairing Punctuatior Marks 328

E34 Exercises for General Punctuation Control 329

Appendixes 335

Diagnostic Test 1 335

Diagnostic Test 2 337

Progress Test 1—Word 339

Progress Test 2—Verb 341

Progress Test 3—Sentence 343

Progress Test 4—Punctuation 345

Progress Test 5—General 347

Progress Test 6—Bonus 349

Final Diagnostic Test 350

Keys to Self-Grading Exercises 351

Editing Symbols 354