语言学：语言与交际导论PDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 1

INTRODUCTION 3

Chapter 1 What Is Linguistics? 5

Chapter 2 Morphology:The Study of the Structure of Words 11

2.1 Words:Some Background Concepts 11

2.2 Complex Words and Morphemes 16

2.3 Neologisms:How Are New Words Created? 23

2.4 Inflectional versus Derivational Morphology 42

2.5 Problematic Aspects of Morphological Analysis 46

2.6 Special Topics 49

The Meaning of Complex Words 49

More on Compounds 50

Morphological Anaphora 53

Classes of Derivational Affixes 54

Chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonemic Transcription 65

3.1 Some Background Concepts 65

3.2 The Representation of Speech Sounds 71

3.3 Special Topics 97

Vowels before／？ 97

Contractions in Casual Spoken English 100

Consonant Clusters 101

Chapter 4 Phonology:The Study of Sound Structure 109

4.1 What Is Phonology? 109

4.2 The Internal Structure of Speech Sounds:Distinctive Feature Theory 110

4.3 The External Organization of Speech Sounds 126

4.4 Special Topic 140

The Word-Level Tone Contour of English 140

Chapter 5 Syntax:The Study of Sentence Structure 149

5.1 Some Background Concepts 149

5.2 An Informal Theory of Syntax 156

5.3 A More Formal Account of Syntactic Theory 197

5.4 Special Topics 211

Wh-Questions 211

Sentence Structure and Anaphora 213

X-Bar Theory 215

Chapter 6 Semantics:The Study of Linguistic Meaning 227

6.1 Semantics as Part of a Grammar 227

6.2 Theories of Meaning 228

6.3 The Scope of a Semantic Theory 237

6.4 Special Topics 248

Mood and Meaning 249

Singular and General 253

Deictics and Proper Names 255

Definite Descriptions:Referential and Attributive 258

Natural Kind Terms,Concepts,and the Division of Linguistic Labor 261

Anaphora and Coreference 261

Chapter 7 Language Variation 275

7.1 Language Styles and Language Dialects 275

7.2 Some Rules of the Grammar of Informal Style in English 288

7.3 Other Language Varieties 295

Chapter 8 Language Change 315

8.1 Some Background Concepts 315

8.2 The Reconstruction of Indo-European,the Nature of Language Change,and Language Families of the World 319

8.3 The Linguistic History of English 339

PART Ⅱ COMMUNICATION AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE 355

INTRODUCTION 357

Chapter 9 Pragmatics:The Study of Language Use and Communication 361

9.1 Some Background Concepts 361

9.2 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication 363

9.3 The Inferential Model of Linguistic Communication 370

9.4 Discourse and Conversation 387

9.5 Special Topics 391

Performatives 391

Speech Acts 394

Meaning,Saying,and Implicating 397

Pragmatic Presupposition 400

Speaker Reference 403

Chapter 10 Psychology of Language:Speech Production and Comprehension 417

10.1 Psycholinguistics:Competence,Performance,and Acquisition 417

10.2 Speech Production 418

10.3 Language Comprehension 425

10.4 Special Topics 454

The McGurk Effect 454

Open-and Closed-Class Items 455

The Psychological Reality of Empty Categories 458

Connectionist Models of Lexical Access and Letter Recognition 460

Chapter 11 Language Acquisition in Children 477

11.1 Some Background Concepts 477

11.2 Is There a"Language Acquisition Device"? 490

11.3 Is the Human Linguistic Capacity Unique?Children and Primates Compared 506

11.4 Special Topic 516

Principles and Parameters 516

Chapter 12 Language and the Brain 527

12.1 Where Is Language Localized in the Brain? 528

12.2 How Does the Brain Encode and Decode Speech and Language? 535

12.3 Are the Components of Language Neuroanatomically Distinct? 542

12.4 Special Topics 546

PET and MRI Imaging 546

Event-Related Potentials 550

Japanese Orthography and Graphic Aphasia 554

Appendix The Written Representation of Language 561

Glossary 571

Index 591