PART Ⅰ THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 1
INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter 1 What Is Linguistics? 5
Chapter 2 Morphology:The Study of the Structure of Words 11
2.1 Words:Some Background Concepts 11
2.2 Complex Words and Morphemes 16
2.3 Neologisms:How Are New Words Created? 23
2.4 Inflectional versus Derivational Morphology 42
2.5 Problematic Aspects of Morphological Analysis 46
2.6 Special Topics 49
The Meaning of Complex Words 49
More on Compounds 50
Morphological Anaphora 53
Classes of Derivational Affixes 54
Chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonemic Transcription 65
3.1 Some Background Concepts 65
3.2 The Representation of Speech Sounds 71
3.3 Special Topics 97
Vowels before／？ 97
Contractions in Casual Spoken English 100
Consonant Clusters 101
Chapter 4 Phonology:The Study of Sound Structure 109
4.1 What Is Phonology? 109
4.2 The Internal Structure of Speech Sounds:Distinctive Feature Theory 110
4.3 The External Organization of Speech Sounds 126
4.4 Special Topic 140
The Word-Level Tone Contour of English 140
Chapter 5 Syntax:The Study of Sentence Structure 149
5.1 Some Background Concepts 149
5.2 An Informal Theory of Syntax 156
5.3 A More Formal Account of Syntactic Theory 197
5.4 Special Topics 211
Wh-Questions 211
Sentence Structure and Anaphora 213
X-Bar Theory 215
Chapter 6 Semantics:The Study of Linguistic Meaning 227
6.1 Semantics as Part of a Grammar 227
6.2 Theories of Meaning 228
6.3 The Scope of a Semantic Theory 237
6.4 Special Topics 248
Mood and Meaning 249
Singular and General 253
Deictics and Proper Names 255
Definite Descriptions:Referential and Attributive 258
Natural Kind Terms,Concepts,and the Division of Linguistic Labor 261
Anaphora and Coreference 261
Chapter 7 Language Variation 275
7.1 Language Styles and Language Dialects 275
7.2 Some Rules of the Grammar of Informal Style in English 288
7.3 Other Language Varieties 295
Chapter 8 Language Change 315
8.1 Some Background Concepts 315
8.2 The Reconstruction of Indo-European,the Nature of Language Change,and Language Families of the World 319
8.3 The Linguistic History of English 339
PART Ⅱ COMMUNICATION AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE 355
INTRODUCTION 357
Chapter 9 Pragmatics:The Study of Language Use and Communication 361
9.1 Some Background Concepts 361
9.2 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication 363
9.3 The Inferential Model of Linguistic Communication 370
9.4 Discourse and Conversation 387
9.5 Special Topics 391
Performatives 391
Speech Acts 394
Meaning,Saying,and Implicating 397
Pragmatic Presupposition 400
Speaker Reference 403
Chapter 10 Psychology of Language:Speech Production and Comprehension 417
10.1 Psycholinguistics:Competence,Performance,and Acquisition 417
10.2 Speech Production 418
10.3 Language Comprehension 425
10.4 Special Topics 454
The McGurk Effect 454
Open-and Closed-Class Items 455
The Psychological Reality of Empty Categories 458
Connectionist Models of Lexical Access and Letter Recognition 460
Chapter 11 Language Acquisition in Children 477
11.1 Some Background Concepts 477
11.2 Is There a"Language Acquisition Device"? 490
11.3 Is the Human Linguistic Capacity Unique?Children and Primates Compared 506
11.4 Special Topic 516
Principles and Parameters 516
Chapter 12 Language and the Brain 527
12.1 Where Is Language Localized in the Brain? 528
12.2 How Does the Brain Encode and Decode Speech and Language? 535
12.3 Are the Components of Language Neuroanatomically Distinct? 542
12.4 Special Topics 546
PET and MRI Imaging 546
Event-Related Potentials 550
Japanese Orthography and Graphic Aphasia 554
Appendix The Written Representation of Language 561
Glossary 571
Index 591