Applied Electronics Second EditionPDF电子书下载

CHAPTERⅠ ELECTRON BALLISTICS 1

Art．1．Charge and Mass of Elementary Particles 2

2．The Elements of the Operation of Electron Tubes 6

3．Motion of Charged Particles in Electrostatic Fields in Vacuum 8

3a．Uniform Field:Zero Initial Velocity 12

3b．Uniform Field;Initial Velocity in the Direction of the Field 14

3c．Uniform Field;Any Initial Velocity 16

4．Units for Numerical Computations;the Electron Volt 17

5．Deflection of the Electron Beam in a Cathode-Ray Tube 19

6．Electron Optics 25

7．Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetostatic Fields 29

7a．Circular Path 33

7b．Magnetic Deflection in a Cathode-Ray Tube 35

7c．Cyclotron，Betatron，and Synchrotron 36

7d．Helical Path 40

7e．Magnetic Focusing 41

8．Motion of Charged Particles in Concurrent Electrostatic and Magnetostatic Fields 42

8a．Motion in Parallel Fields 43

8b．Measurement of Particle Velocity 43

8c．Secondary-Emission Electron Multiplier 44

8d．Magnetron 48

Problems 54

CHAPTER Ⅱ ELECTRON EMISSION FROM METALS 61

Art．1．Structure of Solids 61

2．Electron Gas in a Metal 62

3．Work Function:Electron Escape from a Metal 71

4．Contact Difference of Potential 74

5．Thermionic Emission 75

6．Measurement of Thermionic Emission 80

7．Thermionic Emission from Pure Tungsten 85

8．Thermionic Emission from Thoriated Tungsten 89

9．Thermionic Emission from Oxide-Coated Cathodes 91

10．The Schottky Effect 96

11．Field Emission 101

12．Secondary Emission 103

13．Photoelectric Emission 110

Problems 122

CHAPTER Ⅲ ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION THROUGH VACUUM，GASES，AND VAPORS 124

Art．1．Limitation of Current by Space Charge 125

2．Occurrence of Gas in Electronic Devices 134

3．Physical Properties of Atoms 135

4．Collision Processes in a Gas－Mean Free Path 139

5．Consequences of Collisions 145

6．Gaseous Discharges 148

7．Townsend Discharge 149

8．Breakdown 152

9．Glow Discharge 155

10．Arc Discharge 160

Problems 162

CHAPTER Ⅳ VACUUM TUBES 164

Art．1．Characteristics of Thermionic Vacuum Diodes 165

2．Maximum Ratings and Average Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes 172

3．Control of Current in Vacuum Tubes by Means of Grids 176

4．Approximate Analysis of Triode Current-Voltage Relations 180

5．Characteristic Curves of Triodes 187

6．Vacuum-Tube Coefficients 192

7．Linear Analytical Approximations of Triode Characteristics 198

8．Tetrodes 200

9．Pentodes 206

10．Beam Power Tubes 212

11．Gated-Beam Tube 214

12．Secondary-Emission Tubes 217

13．Other Multi-electrode Vacuum Tubes 218

14．Use of Vacuum Tubes at Very High Frequencies 219

Problems 226

CHAPTER Ⅴ GAS TUBES 229

Art．1．Effect of Gas in a Thermionic Diode 229

2．Gas Diodes with Thermionic Cathodes 232

2a．Potential Distribution in a Gas Diode 234

2b．Cathode Disintegration by Positive-Ion Bombardment 236

2c．Emission Efficiency of the Cathode 238

3．Effects of Gas Pressure on the Characteristics of a Gas Diode 239

4．Tubes Comprising Mercury-Pool Cathodes 244

4a．Mercury-Arc Rectifier 247

4b．Excitron 250

4c．Ignitron 251

4d．Capacitron 251

5．Effect of Gas in a Thermionic Triode 252

6．Thyratrons 258

6a．Grid Action before Starting 260

6b．Starting Characteristics 260

6c．Grid Action after Starting 262

6d．Ionization and De-ionization Times 266

6e．Thyratron Grids 267

6f．Effects of Gas Pressure on the Characteristics of a Thyratron 269

7．Permaron 271

8．Cold-Cathode Tubes 271

CHAPTER Ⅵ RECTIFIER CIRCUITS 277

Art．1．Elementary Rectifier Theory 278

2．Graphical Analysis of Rectifier Circuits 280

3．Assumptions for Simplifying Analysis 282

4．Vacuum-Type Rectifier with Resistance Load 286

4a．Half-Wave Circuit 288

4b．Full-Wave Circuit 292

5．Gas-Type Rectifier with Resistance Load 297

6．Battery-Charging Rectifiers 302

7．Polyphase Rectifiers 302

8．Bridge，or Double-Way，Rectifier Circuits 312

9．Rectifiers with a Smoothing Capacitor 316

10．Half-Wave Rectifier with Smoothing Inductor 329

11．Voltage-Multiplying Rectifier Circuits 334

12．Full-Wave Rectifier with Inductor-Input Filter 337

13．Full-Wave Rectifier with Capacitor-Input Filter 348

14．Voltage Stabilization by Gas-Discharge Tubes 354

15．Electronic Voltage Stabilizers 357

Problems 359

CHAPTER Ⅶ CONTROLLED-RECTIFIER CIRCUITS 365

Art．1．Critical-Grid-Voltage Curve 366

2．Control by Direct Grid Voltage 367

3．Control by Phase Shift of Alternating Grid Voltage 372

4．Control by Magnitude of a Direct Grid Voltage Superposed on an Alternating Grid Voltage 376

5．Control by Amplitude of an Alternating Voltage Superposed on a Lagging Grid Voltage 377

6．Phase-Shifting Methods 378

7．Ignitron Excitation Circuits 382

Problems 384

CHAPTER Ⅷ VACUUM TUBES AS LINEAR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS;CLASS A SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 390

Art．1．Basic Considerations 390

2．Quiescent Operation;No Grid-Signal Voltage 394

3．Quiescent Operation with a Cathode-Bias Resistor 397

4．Operation with Grid-Signal Voltage in the Linear Region of the Characteristic Curves 399

5．Incremental Equivalent Circuits for Linear Class A1 Operation 405

6．Amplification，or Gain 412

7．Voltage Amplification with Cathode Impedance 416

8．Interelectrode Capacitances and Input Admittance 419

9．Interelectrode Capacitances in Tetrode and Pentode Amplifiers 425

10．Cathode Follower 428

11．Grounded-Grid Amplifier 435

12．Waveform Distortion in Amplifiers 437

13．Waveform Distortion Due to Nonlinearity of the Tube Characteristics 438

14．Power Output and Efficiency 444

15．Maximum Power Sensitivity 448

16．Maximum Power Output with a Prescribed Amount of Harmonic Generation and a Prescribed Quiescent Plate Voltage 451

17．Output Transformer for Impedance Matching 456

18．Shift of Dynamic Load Line with Average Plate Current 458

19．Push-Pull Connection:Class A1 460

19a．Determinatio of Quiescent Operating Point 461

19b．Operation in a Linear Region 462

19c．Operation over a Range Extending beyond the Linear Region 465

20．Symbols for Vacuum-Tube Circuit Analysis 476

Problems 478

CHAPTER Ⅸ CASCADE AMPLIFIERS;CLASS A1 487

Art．1．Frequency-Range Classification of Amplifiers 487

2．Methods of representation of amplifier Characteristics 491

3．Noise in Amplifiers 494

4．Direct-Coupled Amplifiers 499

5．Resistance-Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers 509

6．Inductance-Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers 529

7．Phase Inverters 530

8．Amplifiers Coupled by Iron-Core Transformers 533

9．Tuned Circuits in Amplifiers 547

10．Tuned Voltage Amplifiers 554

10a．Tuned-Plate Capacitance-Coupled Amplifier 554

10b．Tuned-Secondary Transformer-Coupled Amplifier 558

11．Compensated Broad-Band Amplifiers 563

12．Feedback Amplifiers 570

12a．General Theory 570

12b．Stability in Feedback Amplifiers 576

12c．Input and Output Impedances of Feedback Amplifiers 585

12e．Shunt and Bridge Feedback 589

12f．Feedback around Resistance-Capacitance-Coupled Amplifiers 592

Problems 600

CHAPTER Ⅹ AMPLIFIERS WITH OPERATION EXTENDING BEYOND THE LINEAR RANGE OF THE TUBE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES;CLASS AB，CLASS B，AND CLASS C AMPLIFIERS 609

Art．1．Push-Pull Class AB Audio-Frequency Power Amplifiers 610

2．Push-Pull Class B Audio-Frequency Power Amplifiers 614

3．Tuned Class B Power Amplifiers 619

4．Tuned Class C Power Amplifiers 629

4a．Semi-graphical Analysis Suitable for Class B and Class C Amplifiers 631

4b．Design Considerations for Class C Amplifiers 638

4c．Methods of Obtaining Grid-Bias Voltage 642

4d．Vector Diagram for the Tuned Amplifier 643

5．Design Considerations for Tube-to-Load Coupling Networks 644

Problems 652

CHAPTER Ⅺ VACUUM-TUBE OSCILLATORS 657

Art．1．Types of Oscillators 658

2．Conditions for Self-excitation in Feedback Oscillators 660

3．Conditions for Oscillation in the Tuned-Plate Oscillator 664

4．Build-up of Grid-Bias Voltage in the Grid-Leak-and-Capacitor Circuit 670

5．Design of the Tuned-Plate Oscillator 672

6．Other Feedback-Oscillator Circuits 678

7．Oscillation in Amplifiers 681

8．Resistance-Capacitance Oscillators 682

9．Negative-Transconductance Oscillator 685

Problems 685

CHAPTERⅫ MOCULATION AND DEMODULATION，OR DETECTION 689

Art．1．The Modulation Process 689

2．Type of Modulation 691

3．Amplitude Modulation 698

4．Plate Modulation of Class C Amplifiers 705

5．Additional Methods for Linear Modulation of Class C Amplifiers 713

6．Linear Detection 715

7．Power-Series Representation of Nonlinear Functions 725

8．Taylor-Series Representation of Nonlinear Functions 730

9．Taylor-Series Representation of Triode Characteristics 734

10．Square-Law Diode Modulation 738

11．Possibilities for Square-Law Modulation with Triodes 742

12．Van der Bijl Modulation 744

13．Square-Law Detection with a Triode 746

14．The Balanced Modulator 750

15．Radio Communication 753

16．Beat-Frequency，or Heterodyne，Oscillator 754

17．Superheterodyne Receivers，Mixers，and Converters 757

18．Frequency Modulation 761

18a．Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation 762

18b．Wide-Band Frequency Modulation 764

18c．Frequency-Modulation Spectra 766

18d．Interference 767

Problems 773

CHAPTER ⅫⅠ SEMICONDUCTOR RECTIFIERS AND TRANSISTORS 778

Art．1．Conduction in Semiconductors 778

2．Semiconductor Rectifiers 780

3．Types of Transistors 784

4．Characteristic Curves of Transistors 788

5．Graphical Determination of Operating Points 789

6．Transistor Coefficients and Incremental Equivalent Circuits 798

7．Single-Stage Transistor Amplifiers 803

8．Cascade Transistor Amplifiers 811

9．transistor Performance Limitations 814

10．Pulse，or Switching，Operation 819

11．Transistor Oscillators 825

Problems 826

APPENDICES 829

A．PHYSICAL CONSTANTS USEFUL IN ELECTRONICS 829

B．UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 830

C．CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF REPRESENTATIVE ELECTRON TUBES 832

D．ANSWERS TO REPRESENTATIVE PROBLEMS 837

BIBLIOGRAPHY 839

AUTHOR INDEX 845

SUBJECT INDEX 853