Soil Chemical AnalysisPDF电子书下载

1．INTRODUCTION 1

ANALYTICAL REAGENTS 3

LABORATORY APPARATUS 5

LABORATORY REPORT OUTLINE 8

LABORATORY ORDERLINESS 8

QUESTIONS 9

2．SOIL SAMPLING 10

SOIL PROFILE SAMPLING 14

MONOLITH MOUNTING OF SOIL PROFILES 18

SAMPLING SOIL OF ESTABLISHED EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS 22

SAMPLING SOILS IN SELECTION OF SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS 25

SAMPLING FARM FIELDS 29

HANDLING SOIL SAMPLES IN THE LABORATORY 30

QUESTIONS 36

3．HYDROGEN ACTIVITY DETERMINATION FOR SOILS 38

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL PH 41

COLORIMETRIC PH INDICATORS USEFUL IN SOIL ANALYSIS 49

OXIDATION-REDUCTION INDICATORS USEFUL IN SOIL ANALYSIS 54

QUESTIONS 55

4．CATION EXCHANGE DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS 57

CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY DETERMINATIONS 59

TOTAL EXCHANGEABLE METALLIC CATIONS 68

GYPSUM OR SULFUR REQUIREMENT OF SOLIS 71

EXCHANGEABLE HYDROGEN DETERMINATION 73

NEUTRALIZING EQUIVALENCE OF AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE 77

QUESTIONS 80

5．EXCHANGEABLE METALLIC CATION DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS 82

EXTRACTION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS WITH NH4OAC 84

EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS OF CALCAREOUS SOILS 88

CALCIUM DETERMINATION 89

MAGNESIUM DETERMINATION 97

MANGANESE DETERMINATION 102

POTASSIUM DETERMINATION 106

SODIUM DETERMINATION 107

QUESTIONS 109

6．POTASSIUM DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS 111

POTASSIUM DETERMINATION 115

COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM AS COBALT HYDROCARBONATE 119

TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM 122

GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM 127

EXTRACTION OF EXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM FROM SOLIS 128

TOTAL POTASSIUM IN SOILS OR MINERALS 129

SOIL-POTASSIUM EQUILIBRIUM 130

QUESTIONS 133

7．PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS 134

CHLOROSTANNOUS-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN SULFURIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD I) 141

CHLOROSTANNOUS-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD II) 144

MOLYBDENUM-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN SULFURIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD III) 146

1,2,4-AMINONAPHTHOLSULFONIC ACID-REDUCED MOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC BLUE COLOR METHOD IN PERCHLORIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD IV) 148

VANADOMOLYBDOPHOSPHORIC YELLOW COLOR METHOD IN NITRIC ACID SYSTEM (METHOD V) 151

DILUTE ACID SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS 154

WATER SOLUBLE AND PH 3 EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS IN RUNOFF WATERS 157

FLUORIDE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS 159

HYDROXYL AND CARBONATE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS 162

DITHIONITE-CITRATE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS 165

ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS OF SOILS 169

TOTAL ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS 175

PRECIPITATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ALUMINUM AND IRON PHOSPHATE 177

PHOSPHATE EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF SOILS 178

QUESTIONS 181

8．NITROGEN DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE 183

TOTAL NITROGEN DETERMINATION 183

TOTAL AMMONIUM AND NITRATE NITROGEN IN WATERS 193

EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM DETERMINATION 193

NITRATE DETERMINATION 197

NITRITE DETERMINATION 201

NITRIFICATION RATE OF SOILS 202

QUESTIONS 203

9．ORGANIC MATTER DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS 205

ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION AS CO2 (DRY COMBUSTION) 208

ORGANIC CARBON DETERMINATION AS CO2 (TITRATION) 211

OXIDATION MATTER BY CHROMIC ACID WITH EXTERNAL HEAT APPLIED 214

OXIDIZABLE MATTER BY CHROMIC ACID WITH H2SO4 HEAT OF DILUTION 219

TOTAL ORGANIC MATER BY H2O2 OXIDATION AND WEIGHT LOSS 222

QUESTIONS 226

10．SOLUBLE SALT ANALYSIS FOR SOILS AND WATERS 227

DIRECT SEMIQUANTITATIVE TEST FOR SOIL SALINITY－CONDUCTOMETRICALLY ON SOIL PASTE 229

DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTANCE OF SOIL SOLUTIONS AND WATERS AS A MEASURE OF SALT CONTENT 234

MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY ON SEED GERMINATION 251

COMPOSITING RUNOFF WATERS AND DETERMINATIONS OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS OF RUNOFF WATERS 253

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS OF SOIL EXTRACT OR WATER 256

DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL CATIONS AND ANIONS OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN SOILS AND WATERS 256

DISSOLVED CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE DETERMINATION 260

CHLORIDE DETERMINATION 261

SULFATE DETERMINATION 263

GYPSUM DETERMINATION FOR SOILS 266

CARBONATE CARBON DETERMINATION FOR SOILS 268

QUESTIONS 270

11．ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MINERAL COLLOIDS,SOILS,MINERALS,AND ROCKS 272

SEMIMICROCHEMICAL SYSTEM OF SILICATE ANALYSIS 278

POTASIUM,SODIUM,CALCIUM,AND MAGNESIUM DETERMINATIONS 285

IRON AND TITANIUM DETERMINATIONS 291

SILICON DETERMINATION 294

ALUMINUM DETERMINATION 297

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF SILICATE ANALYSIS 300

SILICA DETERMINATION 303

CUPFERRON SEPARATION OF IRON AND TITANIUM 307

NH4OH SEPARATION AND ALUMINUM DETERMINATION 309

IRON DETERMINATION 311

TITANIUM DETERMINATION 314

CALCIUM DETERMINATION 315

MAGNESIUM DETERMINATION 316

MANGANESE DETERMINATION 318

POTASSIUM AND SODIUM DETERMINATIONS 318

FERROUS IRON DETERMINATION IN SILICATES 320

TOTAL SULFUR IN SOILS 322

MISCELLANEOUS CONSTITUENTS 323

QUESTIONS 324

12．PLANT TISSUE ANALYSIS－MINERAL CONSTITUENTS 326

TOTAL ASH CONTENT OF PLANT TISSUE 330

WET OXIDATION OF PLANT TISSUE 331

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUE FROM WET OXIDATION OF PLANT TISSUE 335

SULFUR CONTENT OF PLANT TISSUE 336

CYANIDE IN PLANT TISSUE 337

FLUORIDE IN PLANT TISSUE 338

QUESTIONS 338

13．RAPID CHEMICAL TESTS OF SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE 339

NITRATE NITROGEN IN SAP OF PLANT TISSUE 342

PHOSPHORUS IN SAP OF PLANT TISSUE 347

POTASSIUM IN THE SAP OF PLANT TISSUE 350

QUICK SOIL AERATION TESTS 354

SOIL TESTING SYSTEMS 357

QUESTIONS 368

14．BORON DETERMINATIONS FOR SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE 370

BORON DETERMINATION (WITH CURCUMIN) 372

BORON DETERMINATION (WITH QUINALIZARIN) 375

WATER SOLUBLE BORON IN SOILS 379

ACID SOLUBLE BORON 382

TOTAL BORON IN SOILS 384

TOTAL BORON IN PLANTS 385

QUESTIONS 387

15．IRON,MANGANESE,COPPER,ZINC,MOLYBDENUM,AND COBALT DETERMINATIONS 388

IRON DETERMINATION 389

EXCHANGEABLE FERROUS IRON 391

COMBINED EXCHANGEABLE FERROUS AND FERRIC IRON AND DILUTE ACID SOLUBLE IRON 392

SOLUBLE,EXCHANGEABLE,AND EASILY REDUCIBLE MANGANESE OF SOILS 393

COPPER DETERMINATION 396

TOTAL COPPER AND ZINC EXTRACTION FROM SOILS 398

EXTRACTABLE COPPER IN SOILS 400

ZINC DETERMINATION 402

DITHIZONE EXTRACTABLE SOIL ZINC 406

MOLYBDENUM DETERMINATION 408

TOTAL MOLYBDENUM IN SOILS AND PLANTS 411

COBALT DETERMINATION 414

QUESTIONS 415

16．POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FOR SOILS AND PLANT TISSUE 416

COPPER AND ZINC DETERMINATION 421

MANGANESE DETERMINATION 426

COPPER AND ZINC SEPARATION FROM RESIDUE OF WET OXIDATION OF PLANT TISSUE 427

QUESTIONS 428

17．ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 429

CONCENTRATION DETERMINATION BY ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 438

ABSORPTION SPECTRUM DETERMINATION 446

QUESTIONS 451

18．EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 452

DETERMINATIONS WITH FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETER 455

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH ARC OR SPARK EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH 465

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE ARC OR SPARK EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH 474

QUESTIONS 485