The Surgery of Infancy and Childhood Its Principles and TechniquesPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 The Field of Children＇s Surgery 1

CHAPTER 2 Preoperative and Postoperative Care 6

RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SURGICAL CASE 7

PREOPERATIVE CARE 8

OPERATIVE CARE 11

GENERAL POSTOPERATIVE CARE 13

FLUID THERAPY 19

PROVISION FOR CALORIC NEEDS 30

ELECTROLYTE THERAPY 31

CHAPTER 3 Anesthesia for Pediatric Surgery 38

ANESTHETIC EQUIPMENT 39

PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION 40

CHOICE OF ANESTHETIC AGENTS AND TECHNIQUES 43

INDUCTION 46

MAINTENANCE 48

CHAPTER 4 Disruption of Abdominal Wounds 50

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO GOOD WOUND HEALING 50

TREATMENT OF DEHISCENCE OR EVISCERATION 53

STATISTICS 53

REFERENCES 55

CHAPTER 5 Surgery in Premature Infants 56

ALTERED PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PREMATURE BABY 56

PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL CARE FOR PREMATURE BABIES 58

MATERIAL AND RESULTS OF SURGERY IN PREMATURE BABIES 68

REFERENCES 74

CHAPTER 6 Atresia of the Esophagus 75

TYPES OF ESOPHAGEAL MALFORMATION 75

CLINICAL PICTURE AND ROENTGENOLOGIC FINDINGS 77

PREOPERATIVE CARE 80

SURGICAL PROCEDURES 81

POSTOPERATIVE CARE 93

RESULTS OF THERAPY 95

REFERENCES 101

CHAPTER 7 Esophageal Stenosis or Stricture 103

CONGENITAL ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS 103

POSTOPERATIVE ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE 113

ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE FOLLOWING PEPTIC ESOPHAGITIS 118

ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE FROM LYE BURNS 119

REFERENCES 124

CHAPTER 8 Cardio-Esophageal Chalasia 126

ETIOLOGY 126

CLINICAL PICTURE 126

DIAGNOSIS 127

TREATMENT 127

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 128

REFERENCES 129

CHAPTER 9 Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 130

PATHOLOGY 130

ETIOLOGY 131

SYMPTOMS 132

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 132

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 133

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 135

PREOPERATIVE CARE 135

OPERATIVE PROCEDURES 137

POSTOPERATIVE CARE 139

RESULTS OF THERAPY 142

REFERENCES 143

CHAPTER 10 Peptic Ulcer．Gastrostomy 144

PEPTIC ULCER 144

GASTROSTOMY 146

REFERENCES 149

CHAPTER 11 Congenital Atresia of the Intestine and Colon 150

EMBRYOLOGY 151

PATHOLOGY 151

CLINICAL FINDINGS 153

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 153

TREATMENT 156

RESULTS OF THERAPY 162

END RESULTS IN INTRINSIC CONGENITAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION(ATRESIA AND STENOSIS) 165

REFERENCES 166

CHAPTER 12 Congenital Stenosis of the Intestine and Colon 167

EMBRYOLOGY 167

PATHOLOGY 167

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 168

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 170

TREATMENT 170

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 172

REFERENCES 174

CHAPTER 13 Intestinal Obstruction in the Newborn Resulting from Meconium Ileus 175

PATHOLOGIC DATA 175

CLINICAL PICTURE 177

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 178

TREATMENT 178

RESULTS OF THERAPY 187

REFERENCES 191

CHAPTER 14 Malrotation of the Intestines and Colon 192

EMBRYOLOGY 192

PATHOLOGY 193

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 195

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 197

TREATMENT 197

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 201

REFERENCES 203

CHAPTER 15 Annular Pancreas Producing Duodenal Obstruction 204

PATHOLOGY 204

EMBRYOLOGY 206

CLINICAL DATA 206

TREATMENT 207

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 210

REFERENCES 210

CHAPTER 16 Meckel＇s Diverticulum 211

EMBRYOLOGY 211

PATHOLOGY 212

CLINICAL FINDINGS 213

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 217

TREATMENT 217

RESULTS OF THERAPY 219

REFERENCES 219

CHAPTER 17 Duplications of the Alimentary Tract 221

PATHOLOGY 221

EMBRYOLOGY 225

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 226

ROENTGENOLOGIC DATA 228

TREATMENT 237

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 244

REFERENCES 245

CHAPTER 18 Foreign Bodies in the Alimentary Tract 246

SYMPTOMS 247

ROENTGENOLOGIC STUDY 248

TREATMENT 248

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 252

REFERENCES 252

CHAPTER 19 Appendicitis 253

PATHOLOGY 253

ETIOLOGY 254

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 255

LABORATORY DATA 260

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 260

TREATMENT 262

POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING SIMPLE APPENDICITIS 268

POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING APPENDICITIS WITH RUPTURE 268

COMPLICATIONS 272

MORTALITY FACTORS 275

PINWORMS AND APPENDICITIS 277

APPENDECTOMY FOR RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN 278

REFERENCES 279

CHAPTER 20 Intussusception 281

ETIOLOGY 281

TYPES OF INTUSSUSCEPTION 282

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 282

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 287

TREATMENT 288

FACTORS IN PROGNOSIS 294

CHRONIC INTUSSUSCEPTION 297

RECURRENT INTUSSUSCEPTION 298

REFERENCES 300

CHAPTER 21 Polyps of Intestine and Colon 301

PATHOLOGY 301

CLINICAL FINDINGS 302

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 305

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 306

TREATMENT 308

RESULTS OF THERAPY 313

REFERENCES 314

CHAPTER 22 Chronic Ulcerative Colitis 316

ETIOLOGY 316

PATHOLOGY 317

CLINICAL FINDINGS 318

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 318

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 319

TREATMENT 321

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 326

REFERENCES 329

CHAPTER 23 Congenital Megacolon(Hirschsprung＇s Disease) 330

PATHOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY 330

CLINICAL FINDINGS 333

ROENTGENOLOGIC FINDINGS 335

TREATMENT 336

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 345

REFERENCES 346

CHAPTER 24 Malformations of the Anus and Rectum 348

EMBRYOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 348

TYPES OF ANAL AND RECTAL ABNORMALITIES 350

SYMPTOMS 352

PHYSICAL FINDINGS 353

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 354

ASSOCIATED CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 355

TREATMENT OF STENOSIS OR ATRESIA OF ANUS AND RECTUM 355

TREATMENT OF RECTAL FISTULAS 364

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 365

REFERENCES 367

CHAPTER 25 Rectal Bleeding in Infants and Children 369

CLINICAL MATERIAL 370

EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RECTAL BLEEDING 375

REFERENCES 376

CHAPTER 26 Omental Cysts and Mesenteric Cysts 377

OMENTAL CYSTS 377

ISOLATED MESENTERIC CYSTS 377

REFERENCES 383

CHAPTER 27 Primary Peritonitis 384

PATHOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY 384

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 385

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 387

TREATMENT 387

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 390

REFERENCES 391

CHAPTER 28 Iliac Adenitis 392

CLINICAL FINDINGS 392

TREATMENT 393

REFERENCES 394

CHAPTER 29 Omphalitis 395

ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 395

PATHOLOGY 396

CLINICAL FINDINGS 396

TREATMENT 397

RESULTS OF THERAPY 397

REFERENCES 398

CHAPTER 30 Rare Conditions of the Umbilicus and Abdominal Wall 399

CYST OF THE UMBILICAL CORD 399

CYST OF THE NAVEL 399

WEEPING UMBILICUS 399

PATENT URACHUS AND URACHAL CYST 400

PERSISTENT VITELLINE DUCT 402

NEOPLASMS OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL 402

REFERENCES 405

CHAPTER 31 Omphalocele(Umbilical Eventration) 406

EMBRYOLOGY 406

CLINICAL FINDINGS 406

TREATMENT 410

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 417

REFERENCES 422

CHAPTER 32 Umbilical Hernia 423

PATHOLOGY 423

PHYSICAL FINDINGS 423

SYMPTOMS 423

TREATMENT 423

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 426

REFERENCES 427

CHAPTER 33 Congenital Hernia of the Diaphragm 428

EMBRYOLOGY 428

PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY 429

CLINICAL FINDINGS 430

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 431

TREATMENT 432

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 441

REFERENCES 444

CHAPTER 34 Intra-abdominal Hernia 445

REFERENCES 447

CHAPTER 35 Inguinal Hernia 449

CLINICAL FINDINGS 449

TREATMENT 452

POSTOPERATIVE CARE 460

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 461

REFERENCES 462

CHAPTER 36 Hydrocele 463

SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS 463

TREATMENT 463

REFERENCES 466

CHAPTER 37 Undescended Testicle(Cryptorchidism) 467

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 467

CLINICAL FINDINGS 468

TREATMENT 469

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 478

REFERENCES 481

CHAPTER 38 Torsion of the Testis and the Appendix Testis 482

TORSION OF THE TESTIS 482

TORSION OF THE APPENDIX TESTIS 483

REFERENCES 484

CHAPTER 39 Tumors of the Testicle 486

PATHOLOGIC TYPES 486

CLINICAL PICTURE 486

TREATMENT 489

RESULTS OF THERAPY 491

REFERENCES 493

CHAPTER 40 Diseases of the Female Genital Tract 494

HYDROMETROCOLPOS 494

HEMATOCOLPOS 495

OVARIAN CYSTS 497

NEOPLASMS OF THE OVARY 499

NEOPLASMS OF THE UTERUS OR VAGINA 503

VAGINITIS 506

REFERENCES 507

CHAPTER 41 Obstructive Jaundice in Infancy 508

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 509

BILIARY OBSTRUCTION FROM ERYTHROBLASTOSIS 510

OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE FROM INSPISSATED BILE OR MUCUS IN THE BILIARY PASSAGES 510

CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF THE BILE DUCTS 511

MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR BILIARY OBSTRUCTION 515

SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR BILIARY OBSTRUCTION 516

RESULTS OF THERAPY 520

REFERENCES 522

CHAPTER 42 Miscellaneous Conditions of the Liver and Biliary Passages 524

IDIOPATHIC DILATATION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT 524

CHOLECYSTITIS 530

CHOLELITHIASIS 531

HEPATIC TUMORS 532

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE GALLBLADDER 535

TRAUMA TO THE GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS 538

REFERENCES 540

CHAPTER 43 Diseases of the Spleen 542

CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA 542

ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA 547

IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA 548

SECONDARY THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA 551

PORTAL HYPERTENSION 551

HYPERSPLENISM 559

TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE SPLEEN 562

LIPID STORAGE DISEASE 564

CYSTS AND TUMORS OF THE SPLEEN 565

MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS 566

TECHNIQUE OF SPLENECTOMY 566

POST-SPLENECTOMY THROMBOSIS 568

REFERENCES 571

CHAPTER 44 Hypoglycemia 574

PATHOLOGY．ETIOLOGIC FACTORS 574

CLINICAL FINDINGS 575

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS．ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DIAGNOSIS 576

TREATMENT 580

RESULTS OF THERAPY 584

REFERENCES 586

CHAPTER 45 Embryoma of the Kidney(Wilms＇ Tumor) 588

PATHOLOGY 588

CLINICAL DATA 589

ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION 591

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 591

TREATMENT 594

REFERENCES 604

CHAPTER 46 Neuroblastoma Sympatheticum 606

PATHOLOGY 607

CLINICAL FINDINGS 611

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 614

TREATMENT 615

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 621

REFERENCES 625

CHAPTER 47 Retroperitoneal Teratoma 626

PATHOLOGIC FEATURES 626

CLINICAL FINDINGS 627

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 628

TREATMENT 629

RESULTS OF THERAPY 632

REFERENCES 634

CHAPTER 48 Uretero-Pelvic Obstruction 635

PATHOLOGY 635

CLINICAL FINDINGS 637

ROENTGENOGRAPHIC FEATURES 638

LABORATORY DATA 642

TREATMENT 642

RESULTS OF THERAPY 656

REFERENCES 657

CHAPTER 49 Double Ureters 659

PATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS 659

CLINICAL FINDINGS 661

TREATMENT 664

RESULTS OF THERAPY 669

REFERENCES 670

CHAPTER 50 Ectopic Ureter 672

PATHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 672

CLINICAL FINDINGS 674

TREATMENT 676

RESULTS OF THERAPY 677

REFERENCES 678

CHAPTER 51 Ureterocele 679

PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS 679

CLINICAL PICTURE 680

TREATMENT 683

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 686

REFERENCES 687

CHAPTER 52 Exstrophy of the Bladder 688

CLINICAL FINDINGS 688

TREATMENT 689

RESULTS OF OPERATION 700

REFERENCES 703

CHAPTER 53 Epispadias 705

CLINICAL PICTURE 705

TREATMENT 707

RESULTS OF THERAPY 710

REFERENCES 713

CHAPTER 54 Hypospadias 714

CLINICAL FEATURES 714

TREATMENT 716

RESULTS OF THERAPY 728

REFERENCES 728

CHAPTER 55 Urinary Obstruction from Posterior Urethral Valves 730

PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL PICTURE 730

ROENTGENOGRAPHIC FINDINGS 731

TREATMENT 733

RESULTS OF THERAPY 738

REFERENCES 739

CHAPTER 56 Urinary and Fecal Incontinence of Neurogenic Origin 740

CLINICAL DATA 740

TREATMENT 741

RECOMMENDATIONS 749

REFERENCES 752

CHAPTER 57 Pectus Excavatum(Funnel Chest) 753

ETIOLOGY 753

CLINICAL FINDINGS 753

INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY 755

SURGICAL TREATMENT 755

RESULTS OF OPERATION 760

REFERENCES 761

CHAPTER 58 Cysts and Primary Tumors of the Thorax 762

GENERAL FINDINGS 762

NEUROGENIC TUMORS 763

NEUROBLASTOMA 763

CYSTIC HYGROMA 770

THYMOMAS 773

TERATOMA 775

OSTEOCHONDROMA 779

HEMANGIOMA 779

BRONCHOGENIC CYST 780

NEURENTERIC CYST 780

DUPLICATIONS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT 781

REFERENCES 784

CHAPTER 59 Bronchiectasis 785

PATHOLOGIC AND ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 785

CLINICAL PICTURE 789

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 792

TREATMENT 792

RESULTS OF THERAPY 801

REFERENCES 804

CHAPTER 60 The Patent Ductus Arteriosus 806

CLINICAL FINDINGS 806

DIAGNOSIS 809

PROGNOSIS IN UNTREATED CASES 813

SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR OPERATION 814

TREATMENT 817

RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT 822

REFERENCES 827

CHAPTER 61 Coarctation of the Aorta 828

PROGNOSIS 828

CLINICAL PICTURE 831

DIAGNOSTIC AIDS 833

SELECTION OF CASES FOR SURGERY 837

SURGICAL TREATMENT 838

RESULTS OF THERAPY 854

REFERENCES 862

CHAPTER 62 Interauricular Septal Defect 864

ANATOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC DATA 864

CLINICAL FINDINGS 866

SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR OPERATION 869

METHODS FOR CLOSURE OF INTERAURICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS 870

RECOMMENDED SURGICAL TREATMENT 872

RESULTS OF OPERATION 882

REFERENCES 884

CHAPTER 63 Tetralogy of Fallot 886

PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY 886

CLINICAL PICTURF 887

ROENTGENOGRAPHIC AND CATHETERIZATION DATA 889

SELECTION OF CASES FOR OPERATION 890

SURGICAL TREATMENT 891

RESULTS OF THERAPY 897

REFERENCES 899

CHAPTER 64 Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis 900

PATHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 900

CLINICAL FINDINGS 902

ROENTGENOGRAPHIC DATA 903

CATHETERIZATION STUDIES 904

INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION 905

SURGICAL TREATMENT 906

RESULTS OF OPERATION 910

REFERENCES 911

CHAPTER 65 Vascular Anomalies in the Thorax Producing Compression of the Trachea or Esophagus 913

DOUBLE AORTIC ARCH 913

RIGHT AORTIC ARCH WITH LEFT LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM 921

ANOMALOUS INNOMINATE ARTERY 926

ANOMALOUS LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY 929

ABERRANT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY 930

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF OPERATION 933

REFERENCES 934

CHAPTER 66 Thyroglossal Cysts and Sinuses 936

EMBRYOLOGY 936

PATHOLOGY 936

CLINICAL FINDINGS 936

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 939

TREATMENT 941

RESULTS OF TREATMENT 945

REFERENCES 946

CHAPTER 67 Cysts，Sinuses，and Other Anomalies of the Branchial Apparatus 947

EMBRYOLOGY 947

CLINICAL DATA 949

TREATMENT 956

REFERENCES 959

CHAPTER 68 Cystic Hygroma 960

PATHOLOGY 960

ETIOLOGY 961

CLINICAL DATA 962

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS 964

TREATMENT 965

RESULTS OF THERAPY 969

REFERENCES 970

CHAPTER 69 Wringer Injuries of the Arm 971

THE INJURY 971

TREATMENT 973

Index 977