OPERATIONG SYSTEM CONCEPTS （SEVENTH EDITON）PDF电子书下载

PART ONE OVERVIEW 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1.1 What Operating Systems Do 3

1.2 Computer-System Organization 6

1.3 Computer-System Architecture 12

1.4 Operating-System Structure 15

1.5 Operating-System Operations 17

1.6 Process Management 20

1.7 Memory Management 21

1.8 Storage Management 22

1.9 Protection and Security 26

1.10 Distributed Systems 28

1.11 Special-Purpose Systems 29

1.12 Computing Environments 31

1.13 Summary 34

Exercises 36

Bibliographical Notes 38

Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures 39

2.1 Operating-System Services 39

2.2 User Operating-System Interface 41

2.3 System Calls 43

2.4 Types of System Calls 47

2.5 System Programs 55

2.6 Operating-System Design and Implementation 56

2.7 Operating-System Structure 58

2.8 Virtual Machines 64

2.9 Operating-System Generation 70

2.10 System Boot 71

2.11 Summary 72

Exercises 73

Bibliographical Notes 78

PART TWO PROCESS MANAGEMENT 79

Chapter 3 Processes 81

3.1 Process Concept 81

3.2 Process Scheduling 85

3.3 Operations on Processes 90

3.4 Interprocess Communication 96

3.5 Examples of IPC Systems 102

3.6 Communication in Client-Server Systems 108

3.7 Summary 115

Exercises 116

Bibliographical Notes 125

Chapter 4 Threads 127

4.1 Overview 127

4.2 Multithreading Models 129

4.3 Thread Libraries 131

4.4 Threading Issues 138

4.5 Operating-System Examples 143

4.6 Summary 146

Exercises 146

Bibliographical Notes 151

Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling 153

5.1 Basic Concepts 153

5.2 Scheduling Criteria 157

5.3 Scheduling Algorithms 158

5.4 Multiple-Processor Scheduling 169

5.5 Thread Scheduling 172

5.6 Operating System Examples 173

5.7 Algorithm Evaluation 181

5.8 Summary 185

Exercises 186

Bibliographical Notes 189

Chapter 6 Process Synchronization 191

6.1 Background 191

6.2 The Critical-Section Problem 193

6.3 Peterson's Solution 195

6.4 Synchronization Hardware 197

6.5 Semaphores 200

6.6 Classic Problems of Synchronization 204

6.7 Monitors 209

6.8 Synchronization Examples 217

6.9 Atomic Transactions 222

6.10 Summary 230

Exercises 231

Bibliographical Notes 242

Chapter 7 Deadlocks 245

7.1 System Model 245

7.2 Deadlock Characterization 247

7.3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks 252

7.4 Deadlock Prevention 253

7.5 Deadlock Avoidance 256

7.6 Deadlock Detection 262

7.7 Recovery From Deadlock 266

7.8 Summary 267

Exercises 268

Bibliographical Notes 271

PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT 273

Chapter 8 Main Memory 275

8.1 Background 275

8.2 Swapping 282

8.3 Contiguous Memory Allocation 284

8.4 Paging 288

8.5 Structure of the Page Table 297

8.6 Segmentation 302

8.7 Example: The Intel Pentium 305

8.8 Summary 309

Exercises 310

Bibliographical Notes 312

Chapter 9 Virtual Memory 315

9.1 Background 315

9.2 Demand Paging 319

9.3 Copy-on-Write 325

9.4 Page Replacement 327

9.5 Allocation of Frames 340

9.6 Thrashing 343

9.7 Memory-Mapped Files 348

9.8 Allocating Kernel Memory 353

9.9 Other Considerations 357

9.10 Operating-System Examples 363

9.11 Summary 365

Exercises 366

Bibliographical Notes 370

PART FOUR STORAGE MANAGEMENT 371

Chapter 10 File-System Interface 373

10.1 File Concept 373

10.2 Access Methods 382

10.3 Directory Structure 385

10.4 File-System Mounting 395

10.5 File Sharing 397

10.6 Protection 402

10.7 Summary 407

Exercises 408

Bibliographical Notes 409

Chapter 11 File-System Implementation 411

11.1 File-System Structure 411

11.2 File-System Implementation 413

11.3 Directory Implementation 419

11.4 Allocation Methods 421

11.5 Free-Space Management 429

11.6 Efficiency and Performance 431

11.7 Recovery 435

11.8 Log-Structured File Systems 437

11.9 NFS 438

11.10 Example: The WAFL File System 444

11.11 Summary 446

Exercises 447

Bibliographical Notes 449

Chapter 12 Mass-Storage Structure 451

12.1 Overview of Mass-Storage Structure 451

12.2 Disk Structure 454

12.3 Disk Attachment 455

12.4 Disk Scheduling 456

12.5 Disk Management 462

12.6 Swap-Space Management 466

12.7 RAID Structure 468

12.8 Stable-Storage Implementation 477

12.9 Tertiary-Storage Structure 478

12.10 Summary 488

Exercises 489

Bibliographical Notes 493

Chapter 13 I/O Systems 495

13.1 Overview 495

13.2 I/O Hardware 496

13.3 Application I/O Interface 505

13.4 Kernel I/O Subsystem 511

13.5 Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations 518

13.6 STREAMS 520

13.7 Performance 522

13.8 Summary 525

Exercises 526

Bibliographical Notes 527

PART FIVE PROTECTION AND SECURITY 529

Chapter 14 Protection 531

14.1 Goals of Protection 531

14.2 Principles of Protection 532

14.3 Domain of Protection 533

14.4 Access Matrix 538

14.5 Implementation of Access Matrix 542

14.6 Access Control 545

14.7 Revocation of Access Rights 546

14.8 Capability-Based Systems 547

14.9 Language-Based Protection 550

14.10 Summary 555

Exercises 556

Bibliographical Notes 557

Chapter 15 Security 559

15.1 The Security Problem 559

15.2 Program Threats 563

15.3 System and Network Threats 571

15.4 Cryptography as a Security Tool 576

15.5 User Authentication 587

15.6 Implementing Security Defenses 592

15.7 Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks 599

15.8 Computer-Security Classifications 600

15.9 An Example: Windows XP 602

15.10 Summary 604

Exercises 604

Bibliographical Notes 606

PART SIX DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 609

Chapter 16 Distributed System Structures 611

16.1 Motivation 611

16.2 Types of Distributed Operating Systems 613

16.3 Network Structure 617

16.4 Network Topology 620

16.5 Communication Structure 622

16.6 Communication Protocols 628

16.7 Robustness 631

16.8 Design Issues 633

16.9 An Example: Networking 636

16.10 Summary 637

Exercises 638

Bibliographical Notes 640

Chapter 17 Distributed File Systems 641

17.1 Background 641

17.2 Naming and Transparency 643

17.3 Remote File Access 646

17.4 Stateful Versus Stateless Service 651

17.5 File Replication 652

17.6 An Example: AFS 654

17.7 Summary 659

Exercises 660

Bibliographical Notes 661

Chapter 18 Distributed Coordination 663

18.1 Event Ordering 663

18.2 Mutual Exclusion 666

18.3 Atomicity 669

18.4 Concurrency Control 672

18.5 Deadlock Handling 676

18.6 Election Algorithms 683

18.7 Reaching Agreement 686

18.8 Summary 688

Exercises 689

Bibliographical Notes 690

PART SEVEN SPECIAL-PURPOSE SYSTEMS 693

Chapter 19 Real-Time Systems 695

19.1 Overview 695

19.2 System Characteristics 696

19.3 Features of Real-Time Kernels 698

19.4 Implementing Real-Time Operating Systems 700

19.5 Real-Time CPU Scheduling 704

19.6 VxWorks 5.x 710

19.7 Summary 712

Exercises 713

Bibliographical Notes 713

Chapter 20 Multimedia Systems 715

20.1 What Is Multimedia? 715

20.2 Compression 718

20.3 Requirements of Multimedia Kernels 720

20.4 CPU Scheduling 722

20.5 Disk Scheduling 723

20.6 Network Management 725

20.7 An Example: CineBlitz 728

20.8 Summary 730

Exercises 731

Bibliographical Notes 733

PART EIGHT CASE STUDIES 735

Chapter 21 The Linux System 737

21.1 Linux History 737

21.2 Design Principles 742

21.3 Kernel Modules 745

21.4 Process Management 748

21.5 Scheduling 751

21.6 Memory Management 756

21.7 File Systems 764

21.8 Input and Output 770

21.9 Interprocess Communication 773

21.10 Network Structure 774

21.11 Security 777

21.12 Summary 779

Exercises 780

Bibliographical Notes 781

Chapter 22 Windows XP 783

22.1 History 783

22.2 Design Principles 785

22.3 System Components 787

22.4 Environmental Subsystems 811

22.5 File System 814

22.6 Networking 822

22.7 Programmer Interface 829

22.8 Summary 836

Exercises 836

Bibliographical Notes 837

Chapter 23 Influential Operating Systems 839

23.1 Early Systems 839

23.2 Atlas 845

23.3 XDS-940 846

23.4 THE 847

23.5 RC4000 848

23.6 CTSS 849

23.7 MULTICS 849

23.8 IBM OS/360 850

23.9 Mach 851

23.10 Other Systems 853

Exercises 853

Bibliography 855

Credits 885

Index 887