The Structure Of Social ActionPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ THE POSITIVISTIC THEORY OF ACTION 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ． INTRODUCTORY 3

The Problem 3

Theory and Empirical Fact 6

Residual Categories 16

Theory，Methodology and Philosophy 20

Types of Concepts 27

Note on the Concept＂Fact＂ 41

CHAPTER Ⅱ． THE THEORY OF ACTION 43

The Unit of Action Systems 43

The Utilitarian System 51

The Positivistic Theory of Action 60

Empiricism 69

Individualism in the Theory of Action 72

Note A：On the Concept＂Normative＂ 74

Note B：Schematic Outline of System Types in the Theory of Action 77

Note C：On the Content of Nonsubjective Categories in Relation to the Theory of Action 82

Note D：On the Relations of Psychology and Biology 85

CHAPTER Ⅲ． SOME PHASES OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALISTIC POSITIVISM IN THE THEORY OF ACTION 87

Hobbes and the Problem of Order 89

Locke and the Classical Economics 95

Malthus and the Instability of Utilitarianism 102

Marx and Class Antagonism 107

Darwinism 110

Other Paths to Radical Positivism 115

Utility 121

Evolution 122

PART Ⅱ THE EMERGENCE OF A VOLUNTARISTIC THEORY OF ACTION FROM THE POSITIVISTIC TRADITION 127

CHAPTER Ⅳ． ALFRED MARSHALL：WANTS AND ACTIVITIES AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SCOPE OF ECONOMICS 129

Activities and Utility Theory 130

The Supplies of the Factors of Production 141

Real Cost 146

Free Enterprise 150

Social Evolution 155

The＂Natural Order＂ 159

Economic Motives 161

The Problem of the Scope of Economic Theory 165

CHAPTER Ⅴ． VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅰ：THE METHODOLOGY AND MAIN ANALYTICAL SCHEME 178

Methodology 180

Logical and Nonlogical Action 185

Residues and Derivations 196

The Two Structural Aspects of Nonlogical Action 200

CHAPTER Ⅵ． VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅱ：EXTENSION AND VERIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 219

Pareto and Social Darwinism 219

The＂Logical＂Aspect of Action Systems 228

The Theory of Social Utility 241

The Nonlogical Aspect of Social Systems 250

The Status of Economic Theory Again 264

CHAPTER Ⅶ． VILFREDO PARETO，Ⅲ：EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 269

The Ideology Problem 269

Cycles of Social Change 278

The Role of Force 288

Genera] Conclusions 293

CHAPTER Ⅷ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅰ：EARLY EMPIRICAL WORK 301

The Division of Labor 308

Suicide 324

Occupational Groups and Socialism 338

CHAPTER Ⅸ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅱ：THE METHODOLOGY OF SOCIOLOGISTC POSITIVISM 343

The Utilitarian Dilemma 344

The＂Social＂Factor 350

Collective Representations 359

Ethics and the Social Type 368

CHAPTER Ⅹ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅲ：THE DEVELOPMENT Of THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTROL 376

The Changing Meaning of Constraint 378

Ethical Difficulties 390

The Role of Institutions 399

CHAPTER Ⅺ． EMILE DURKHEIM，Ⅳ：THE FINAL PHASE：RELIGION AND EPISTEMOLOGY 409

Religious Ideas 411

Ritual 429

Epistemology 441

CHAPTER Ⅻ． SUMMARY OF PART Ⅱ：THE BREAKDOWN Of THE POSITIVISTIC THEORY OF ACTION 451

The Positivistic Starting Points 451

Marshall 452

Pareto 454

Durkheim 460

PART Ⅲ THE EMERGENCE OF A VOLUNTARISTIC THEORY OF ACTION FROM THE IDEALISTIC TRADITION 471

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ． THE IDEALISTIC TRADITION 473

Methodological Background 473

The Problem of Capitalism 487

Marx 488

Sombart 495

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ． MAX WEBER，Ⅰ：RELIGION AND MODERN CAPITALISM A．PROTESTANTISM AND CAPITALISM 500

The Principal Characteristics of Capitalism 503

The Spirit of Capitalism 513

Calvinism and the Spirit of Capitalism 516

Note on the Role of Ideas 533

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ． MAX WEBER，Ⅱ：RELIGION AND MODERN CAPITALISM(CONTINUED)B．THE COMPARATIVE STUDIES 539

China 542

India 552

The Systematic Typology of Religion 563

Protestantism and Capitalism：Schematic Summary 575

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ． MAX WEBER，Ⅲ：METHODOLOGY 579

Objectivism 581

Intuitionism 586

Natural and Social Science 591

The Ideal Type and Generalized Analytical Theory 601

The Logic of Empirical Proof 610

Adequacy of Explanation 624

Action and Complexes of Meaning 635

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ． MAX WEBER，Ⅳ：SYSTEMATIC THEORY 640

The Types of Social Action 640

Modes of Orientation of Action 649

Legitimate Order，Charisma and Religion 658

Ritual 673

Matters of Taste 677

Note on Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 686

PART Ⅳ CONCLUSION 695

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ． EMPIRICALLY VERIFIED CONCLUSIONS 697

Summary Outline of the Structure of Action 698

Rationality and Utilitarianism 698

Marshall 702

Pareto 704

Durkheim 708

Weber 714

Verified Conclusions 719

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ． TENTATIVE METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 727

Empiricism and Analytical Theory 728

The Action Frame of Reference 731

Systems of Action and Their Units 737

The Role of Analytical Elements 748

The General Status of the Theory of Action 753

The Classification of the Sciences of Action 757

The Place of Sociology 768

BIBLIOGRAPHY 777

INDEX 795