英语学习者用参考语法PDF电子书下载

Part OneChapter OneConstructing the sentenceA Finite clauses and simple sentences 1

B The noun phrase 2

C The verb phrase 8

E Collective nouns 11 9

ContentsPreface 9

Engl ish vowel and consonant sounds 11

Conventions and abbreviations used 12

D Different functions of the noun phrase 21

E Prepositional phrases 24

F Adverb particles 27

G Adiectives 29

H Adverbials 30

I Co-ordination 33

J Types of clause structure 33

K Types of question 35

L Negation 38

M Short responses 39

N Exclamations 39

Chapter TwoExpanding the sentenceA Co-ordinate clauses 40

B Subordinate clauses 42

C Noun clauses 43

D Relative clauses 50

E Adverbial clauses:time,place and manner 56

F Other adverbial clauses 58

G Cleft sentences 67

H Length of sentences 67

Chapter ThreeInfinitive,-ing and-edA The bare infinitive 69

B The infinitivewith to 70

C The ing participle and gerund 78

D Infinitive or-ing? 81

E The-ed participle 84

Chapter FourCondensing the sentenceA Non-finite clauses 89

B Verbless clauses 100

D Complex prepositional phrases 101

C Replacement of a finite verb by a noun 101

E Pro-forms 102

F Ellipsis 104

Part TwoChapter FiveThe noun phrase(1):NounsA Typical noun endings 107

B Count nouns and mass nouns 109

C Irregular pluralofnouns 112

D Nouns endingin-s 117

F Compound nouns,singular and plural 120

H Nouns as modifiers ofother nouns 121

G Plural of proper nouns 121

I The genitive 123

J Male and female 125

Chapter SixThe noun phrase(2):Determiners and pronounsA Seven ways of using a determiner 126

B Indefinite identifiers 129

C Definite identifiers 133

D Definite quantifiers 140

E Indefinite quantifiers 140

F Determiners which are either identifiers or quantifiers 142

G Indefinite pronouns formed from some,any,every,no 146

I Combinations of determiners 148

H Negation of determiners 148

J Modifiers ofdeterminers 149

Chapter SevenAdjectivesA Form 151

B Comparison 152

C Adjectives in the noun phrase 156

D Adjectives used predicatively 159

Adjectives followed by prepositions etc. 161

E Adjectives as head of a nominal group 165

Chapter EightPrepositional phrases and adverb particlesA Prepositions and adverb particles expressing relationships in space 166

B Prepositions expressing relationships in time 174

C Prepositions with other meanings 177

Chapter NineThe verb phrase(1):FormA Typical verb endings 184

B Irregular verbs 185

Chapter TenThe verb phrase(2):Verb patternsA Verb patterns 190

B Infinitive or-ing:either possible but with different meanings 205

C Alphabetical list of selected verbs,with the patterns in which they occur 207

D Collocations with simple verbs 223

Chapter ElevenThe verb phrase(3):The passive 226

Chapter TwelveThe verb phrase (4):Phrasal verbs 232

Chapter ThirteenThe verb phrase(5):Tense and aspectA Present and past tense,progressive and perfective aspect 241

B Future 254

C Future in the past 261

D Sequence of tenses 262

Chapter FourteenThe verb phrase(6):The modalsA Primary uses 263

B Secondary uses 273

C Other modals 275

Chapter FifteenAdverbialsA Form 279

B Adjuncts 281

C Disjuncts and conjuncts 296

Appendix OneSummary of spelling rules 298

Appendix TwoNotes on punctuation and the use of capital letters 301

Bibliography 305

Index 307