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Introduction 1

Chapter One Figures of Speech 3

Ⅰ．Figures of Likeness 4

1．Simile 4

2．Metaphor 6

3．Personification 8

4．Allegory 10

5．Fable 13

6．Parable 17

Ⅱ．Figures of Association 20

1．Metonymy 20

2．Synecdoche 21

3．Hyperbole 22

4．Apostrophe 24

5．Vision 24

6．Transferred Epithet 25

Ⅲ．Figures of Contrast 26

1．Antithesis 26

2．Epigram 27

3．Climax 27

4．Interrogation 28

5．Irony 29

Ⅳ．Minor Figures 31

1．Exclamation 31

2．Euphemism 31

3．Onomatopoeia 32

4．Alliteration 32

5．Litotes 33

6．Pun 33

7．Parallelism 33

8．Tautology 35

9．Oxymoron 35

10．Paradox 36

11．Zeugma 38

12．Allusion 39

Chapter Two Diction 43

Ⅰ．Correctness 43

1．Words Having the Same Sound but Differing from Each Other in Meaning 44

2．Words Partially Similar in Sound 45

3．Words with the Same Ending 48

Ⅱ．Accuracy 50

1．English Synonyms 50

2．General and Specific Words 58

Chapter Three Rhetorical SentencesⅠ．Kinds of Sentences 61

1．Advantages of Periodic Sentences 62

2．Advantages of Loose Sentences 64

3．Advantages of Balanced Sentences 66

Ⅱ．Length of Sentences 67

1．Advantages of Short Sentences 67

2．Advantages of Long Sentences 69

3．Principle of Variety 71

Chapter Four The Qualities of Good SentencesⅠ．Unity 73

1．Too Much in a Sentence 74

2．Too Little in a Sentence 74

3．Careless Choice of Connectives 75

4．Change in Point of View 77

Ⅱ．Coherence 78

1．Position of Modifiers 78

2．Squinting Construction 80

3．Obscure Pronouns 80

4．Dangling Expression 81

5．Improper Omission of Words 82

6．Parallelism in Construction and Phrasing 84

7．Run-together Sentences 85

Ⅲ．Emphasis 88

1．Inversion 88

2．Exclamation 89

3．Rhetorical Questions 89

4．Repetition 90

5．Antithesis 90

6．Ellipsis 90

7．Intensive Expressions 91

8．Climax 91

9．Periodic Sentences 91

10．The"It is...that"Construction 91

11．Emphatic Pronoun 92

12．Emphatic"do" 92

13．Italics 92

14．Economy of Words 93

Ⅳ．Euphony 93

1．Repetition of Words 94

2．Repetition of Sounds 94

3．Rhyme 95

4．Adaptation of the Sound to the Sense 95

5．Interrogative Tone 95

Chapter Five Paragraphs 97

Ⅰ．The Paragraph 97

1．What a Paragraph Is 97

2．Length of the Paragraph 101

3．Paragraphing of Dialogue 102

4．Kinds of Paragraphs 103

Ⅱ．Requirements of the Paragraph 108

1．Unity in the Paragraph 108

2．Coherence in the Paragraph 114

3．Emphasis in the Paragraph 119

Ⅲ．Methods of Paragraph Development 121

1．Examples and Illustration 122

2．Particulars and Details 124

3．Comparison and Contrast 124

4．Definition 126

5．Repetition 127

6．Cause and Effect 128

7．Reasons 128

8．Question and Answer 129

Chapter Six Learning CompositionⅠ．Expressing Another Person's Thoughts 132

1．Paraphrasing 133

2．Condensing 138

Ⅱ．Expressing Your Own Thoughts 145

1．Choosing a Subject 145

2．Choosing a Title 146

3．Making Notes 146

4．Making an Outline 147

5．Expanding an Outline 148

Chapter Seven Literary CompositionⅠ．Narration 152

1．Narration of Facts 154

A．Anecdote 154

B．Biography and Autobiography 156

C．Personal Reminiscence 161

D．Incident of Personal Experience 163

E．Accounts of Travel 164

F．Accounts of Adventure 165

G．News Stories 167

H．Diaries 168

2．Fiction 169

A．Plot or Action 169

B．Characters 170

C．Setting or Background 170

Ⅱ．Description 174

1．Description of Object 177

2．Description of Place 178

3．Description of Person 180

Chapter Eight Logical CompositionⅠ．Exposition 182

1．Definitions 183

2．Essays 184

3．Book Reviews 186

4．Character Sketches 187

5．Expository Letters 189

Ⅱ．Argument 190

1．Argument Defined 190

2．Types of Argument 192

Bibliography 199