内分泌系统 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 INTRODUCTION 1

What is endocrinology？ 2

What do hormones do？ 2

Types of hormone：their synthesis and secretion 4

The transport and metabolism of hormones 7

Important concepts in endocrine regulation 8

Endocrine disorders 10

Endocrine investigations：general principles 12

2 RECEPTORS AND HORMONE ACTION 15

Introduction 16

General characteristics of receptors 16

Types of hormone receptors 17

Cell-membrane receptors 17

Hormonal regulation of transcription 23

Intracellular receptors 24

Disorders of receptor function 26

3 THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY PART Ⅰ：THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY 27

Introduction 28

Where can I find the hypothalamus and pituitary？ 28

Connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary 31

Development of the hypothalamus and pituitary 31

The hormones of the hypothalamus 31

The hormones of the posterior pituitary 32

Release of posterior pituitary hormones is part of a neuroendocrine reflex：oxytocin secretion and actions 32

Regulation of vasopressin secretion 33

Actions of arginine vasopressin 34

Disorders of vasopressin secretion and action 35

Thirst 36

Other hypothalamic hormones 37

4 THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY PART Ⅱ:THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY 39

Introduction 40

Structure of the anterior pituitary 40

The hormones of the anterior pituitary 41

Regulation of hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary 43

Growth hormone and prolactin in blood 46

Actions of the anterior pituitary hormones growth：hormone and prolactin 46

Disorders of anterior pituitary function：over-secretion 48

Disorders of under-secretion of anterior pituitary hormones 49

Tests for hypopituitarism 50

Insufficient growth hormone secretion 50

5 THE ADRENAL GLANDS PART Ⅰ：THE ADRENAL MEDULLA 53

Introduction 54

Where to find the adrenal glands 54

Blood supply 54

Nerve supply 55

Embryology of the adrenal gland 55

The adrenal medulla 55

Disorders of the adrenal medulla：phaeochromocytoma 59

Familial phaeochromocytoma 59

Pharmacological uses of hormones of the adrenal medulla 60

6 THE ADRENAL GLANDS PART Ⅱ:THE ADRENAL CORTEX 61

Introduction 62

Structure of the adrenal cortex 62

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex 62

Regulation of steroid production 66

Transport of steroid hormones in blood 68

Disorders of adrenal steroids 71

Pharmacological use of glucocorticoids 73

7 THE THYROID GLAND 75

Introduction 76

Thyroid anatomy 77

Whatis a goitre？ 77

Blood supply 77

Structure of the thyroid 78

Synthesis of thyroid hormones 78

Iodine 79

Thyroxine and T3：the thyroid hormones in blood 79

Control of thyroid function 81

Cellular action of thyroid hormones 82

Effects of thyroid hormones 82

Disorders of thyroid hormone secretion 83

Causes of thyroid hyposecretion 85

Effects of thyroid hormone insufficiency：myxoedema 85

8 HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION PART Ⅰ：MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 87

Introduction 88

Where are the testes？ 88

What are the testes？ 89

Testicular blood and nerve supply 90

Spermatogenesis 91

Androgen production 91

Hormonal control of testicular function 91

Transport of testosterone in blood 93

Actions of testosterone 93

Hormone-dependent cancer in men 95

Disorders of male reproduction 96

Therapeutic uses of androgens 97

Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids 97

Declining sperm counts 98

9 HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION PART Ⅱ:FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 99

Introduction 100

Structure of the ovary 100

Ovarian hormones 100

Transport and metabolism of oestrogen and progesterone 102

Oestrogens 102

Androgen secretion by the ovaries 104

Hormonal regulation of ovarian function 105

Hormone-dependent cancer in women 105

The menstrual cycle 105

Disorders of the menstrual cycle 108

The endocrinology of pregnancy 110

10 HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION PART Ⅲ:DEVELOPMENT AND FERTILITY 115

Introduction 116

Gender determination and differentiation 116

Hormonal control of sexual differentiation 116

Abnormalities of sexual differentiation 117

Hormones during development：puberty and menarche 118

Disorders of puberty 119

Menopause and the climacteric 121

Premature ovarian failure 122

Symptoms of the menopause 122

Hormone replacement therapy 123

Alternative therapies 125

Hormonal control of fertility：contraception 125

Hormonal control of fertility：assisted conception 126

11 INSULIN AND THE REGULATION OF PLASMA GLUCOSE 129

Introduction 130

Glucose in urine 130

Insulin and the response to high blood glucose levels 131

Disorders of blood glucose regulation：diabetes mellitus 135

Gestational diabetes 143

The metabolic syndrome—a growing problem？ 143

12 HORMONAL REGULATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM AND CALCIUM METABOLISM 147

Introduction 148

Serum calcium 148

The structure,functions and endocrinology of bone 149

Hormones involved in the regulation of serum calcium 151

Parathyroid hormone 151

Calcitriol：source and activation of vitamin D 153

Effects of other hormones on plasma calcium 156

Disorders of hypercalcaemia 156

Disorders of hypocalcaemia 157

Diseases of bone 158

A brief mention of calcitonin 159

Regulation of serum phosphate 159

13 MISCELLANEOUS HORMONES 161

Erythropoietin 162

Immune-endocrine interactions：cytokines and eicosanoids 163

Age-related changes in hormone secretion 164

Melatonin 164

Gut hormones 166

The hormonal control of appetite：fat is an endocrine tissue 167

Multiple organ disorders in endocrinology 168

Regulation of blood pressure and volume 169

The next 100 years of endocrinology 169

Glossary 171

Index 173