Introduction to Social StatisticsPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 THE SUBJECT OF SOCIAL STATISTICS 1

Introduction 1

What Is Statistics About？ 1

How Important Is Statistics to Social Research？ 4

How Important Is Mathematics to Statistics？ 7

How Does the Computer Deal with Data？ 7

A Review of Basic Arithmetic Procedures 10

Summary 16

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 17

Chapter 2 MEASUREMENT AND DATA DISPLAY 21

Introduction 21

What Is Measurement？ 21

Displaying Data 27

Summary 46

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 48

Chapter 3 NUMERICAL SUMMARIES OF DISTRIBUTIONS 56

Introduction 56

Measures of Central Tendency 57

Measures of Variation 66

Summary 77

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 78

Chapter 4 A CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION：THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 84

Introduction 84

The Role of Probability 85

The Normal Probability Distribution 88

Skewness and Kurtosis 95

Summary 98

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 99

Chapter 5 A DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 105

Introduction 105

Characteristics of the Binomial Distribution 105

The Model and Its Application 106

Transforming the Binomial to Continuous Form 112

Summary 115

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 116

Chapter 6 THE BASIS OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE 119

Introduction 119

Random Sampling 119

Accuracy and Error in Sampling 121

The Logic of Statistical Inference 123

Point Estimates of μ 129

Interval Estimates of μ 131

Confidence Limits and Sample Size 134

Confidence Limits for Proportions 136

Summary 137

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 138

Chapter 7 TESTING HYPOTHESES 144

Introduction 144

What Is a Hypothesis？ 144

The Level of Significance 146

Testing the Hypotheses 148

The Risk of Error 151

Summary 155

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 155

Chapter 8 TESTING THE GOODNESS OF FIT 159

Introduction 159

Parametric and Nonparametric Tests 160

The Goodness of Fit for Continuous Variables：Parametric Tests 160

The Goodness of Fit of Discrete Variables：Nonparametric Tests 167

Summary 173

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 173

Chapter 9 COMPARING TWO CONTINUOUS MEASURES：PARAMETRIC TEST 178

Introduction 178

Some Background on Group Comparisons 179

Comparing Two Independent Measures 181

Comparing Two Dependent Measures 188

Summary 193

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 193

Chapter 10 COMPARING TWO DISCRETE MEASURES：NONPARAMETRIC TEST 200

Introduction 200

Comparing Two Independent Ordinal Measures 201

Comparing Two Dependent Ordinal Measures 209

Comparing Two Independent Nominal Measures 212

Comparing Two Dependent Nominal Variables 218

Summary 220

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 220

Chapter 11 COMPARING MORE THAN TWO MEASURES：ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 227

Introduction 227

One-Way ANOVA：The F Test 228

Two-Way ANOVA 234

Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA 243

The Friedman Two-Way ANOVA 245

Summary 247

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 247

Chapter 12 LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION 253

Introduction 253

Regression Analysis 254

Correlation Analysis 270

Summary 282

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 283

Chapter 13 TESTING THE ASSOCIATION OF DISCRETE DATA 289

Introduction 289

Measures of Association 289

Measuring the Association of Ordinal Data 293

Measuring the Association of Nominal Data 300

Summary 306

Key Terms，Symbols，and Formulas 307

SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 312

Appendix 318

Table 1：Areas under the Normal Curve 318

Table 2：Areas under the Binomial Curve 319

Table 3：Critical Values of T 322

Table 4：Critical Value of D for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample Test 323

Table 5：Critical Values of Chi-Square 324

Table 6a：Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney U Test（For Samples Where neither n1 nor n2＜8） 325

Table 6b：Critical Values for Mann-Whitney U Test（For Samples Where n1≤20 and n2＞9≤20） 328

Table 7：Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample D 332

Table 8：Critical Values for Wilcoxon T 333

Table 9：Distribution of F 334

Table 10a：Critical Values for Correlation Coefficients 338

Table 10b：Critical Values of r rho（Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient）n，Number of Pairs 339

Table 11：Transformation of r to z 340

Table 12：Random Numbers 342

Table 13：Squares and Square Roots 346

INDEXES 359

Name Index 359

Subject Index 361