INTERNATIONAL LAW ANTHOLOGYPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 3

CHAPTER 1 THE DOMAIN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 3

CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS 11

A.Political and Economic History 11

1.From Antiquity to the Middle Ages 11

2.Medieval Customary Law 12

3.The New State System 13

4.Expansion to the Far East 14

5.The United States Looks Outward 15

6.First Steps Toward Institutional Dispute Resolution 15

B.Illustrative Historical Topics 16

1.State Jurisdiction 16

2.War 17

3.Humanitarian Intervention 19

4.The Seabed 20

5.Human Rights 21

a.Origin and Development 21

b.Human Rights and Natural Law 24

C.Intellectual History of the Law of Nations 25

1.The Classical Period 25

2.The Medieval Period 26

3.Gentili’s Law of War 26

4.The Precursors of Grotius 27

5.Vitoria on the Spanish Conquests 28

6.Vitoria on “Just Wars” 28

7.Grotius 30

8.The Grotius-Selden Debate 30

9.Assessment of Grotius 31

10.The Grotian Tradition 31

11.Bynkershoek， Pufendorf， and Vattel 31

12.Vattel’s Influence 32

13.The Path to Positivism 33

14.Invention of the Term “International Law” 34

15.Positivism at the Turn of the Century 35

CHAPTER 3 IS INTERNATIONAL LAW “LAW”？ 37

PART Ⅱ PROFESSIONAL TOOLS 51

CHAPTER 4 SOURCES OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW 51

A.Custom 51

1.Why Do We Need Customary Law？ 51

2.Incidents 53

3.Finding Custom in An Incident 58

4.Customary Law Doctrine 61

5.A Reformulation of Customary Law 65

6.A Seminar on Custom 73

7.Criticism of the World Court’s View of Custom in the Nicaragua Case 84

8.The Central Point of Custom 86

9.Alternate Views of Custom 89

a.DEBATE： Custom as Reasonableness 89

b.Chinese Views of Custom 94

B.Treaty-Based Rules of Custom 94

C.General Principles of Law 101

D.Decisions of National Courts 102

E.Equity 102

F.Writings of Publicists 103

G.Consensus 104

H.U.N.Resolutions 105

1.Legal Effect of U.N.Resolutions 105

2.Discussion 106

3.An Example 107

I.Protests 107

J.The Persistent Objector： DEBATE 110

1.The Persistent Objector Cannot Block General Custom 110

2.The Persistent Objector Should Be Able to Block the Formation of General Custom 114

K.Jus Cogens 115

1.Definition 115

2.Applications 115

3.The Challenge to Sovereignty 116

4.DEBATE 116

a.It’s a Bird， it’s a Plane， it’s JUS COGENS！ 116

b.The Reality of Jus Cogens 119

CHAPTER 5 SOURCES OF PARTICULAR INTERNATIONAL LAW 121

A.Treaties 121

1.Treaty Interpretation 121

2.Rebus Sic Stantibus 124

3.Reservations 125

a.Multilateral Conventions 125

（1） Background 125

（2） A Stricter Rule 126

（3） The Tyranny of Labels 127

（4） The Vienna Convention’s Approach 127

（5） A Liberal Rule 128

（6） The Effect of Formality on Impermissible Reservations 129

（7） The World Court Strikes Down a Reservation 130

（8） Egypt’s Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women 130

b.World Court Jurisdiction 139

4.Compliance 145

B.Soft Law 148

1.Relative Normativity 148

2.A Brief Response 152

3.Informal Practice As Soft Law 153

4.The Importance of Soft Law 153

5.Human Rights As Soft Law 154

6.The Many Forms of Agreement 154

7.Why Are Some International Agreements Informal？ 154

C.Special Custom 157

PART Ⅲ SUBSTANTIVE LAW AND THEORY 165

CHAPTER 6 THE STATE 165

A.Personality 165

1.The Classical Conception of State Personality 165

2.An Updating of the Classical Conception 166

3.A Normative Critique of State Personality 166

4.The Relation Between State and Individual 168

5.The Torturer Speaks 174

6.Torture as Raison d’Etat 178

B.Nationality 181

C.State Jurisdiction 184

1.Criminal Jurisdiction 184

a.Principles 184

b.Desirable Limits 187

2.Civil Jurisdiction 187

3.Conflicts of Jurisdiction 189

D.State Succession 189

1.Introduction 189

2.Basic Concepts 190

3.Classical Criteria for Statehood 191

4.State Continuity 193

5.The Moving Boundary Doctrine 195

6.Partition 195

7.DEBATE： Secessionist Movements and Self-Determination 196

a.The Primacy of Territoriality 196

b.The Primacy of Human Rights 201

8.Autonomy 201

CHAPTER 7 HUMAN RIGHTS 205

A.Introduction 205

1.Reflections on Human Rights 205

2.The Human Rights Revolution 205

3.The Hierarchy of Human Rights 206

B.Humanitarian Intervention 208

1.Introduction 208

2.Third-State Remedies 208

3.DEBATE： Resolved that the U.S.Intervention in Panama Violated International Law 208

CHAPTER 8 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 227

A.International Criminal Law as Part of Human Rights 227

B.Rape 229

C.A Taxonomy of the Laws of War 230

D.Terrorism 232

E.Terrorism and the Laws of War 232

F.Defenses to War Crimes 233

G.Environmental Crimes 236

H.Extradition 238

1.Overview 238

2.The Political Offense Exception 240

3.DEBATE： The U.S.-U.K.Supplementary Treaty is a Retrogressive Step in Extradition Law 242

I.Abduction 245

1.The Threat to World Order 245

2.Facts of the Alvarez Case 246

3.DEBATE： Abduction Does Not Violate the US-Mexico Extradition Treaty 248

CHAPTER 9 GROUP RIGHTS 255

A.Minority Rights 255

B.Self-Determination 256

C.Humanitarian Intervention and Self-Determination 258

D.DEBATE： Group Freedom 260

1.The Primacy of Individual Freedom 260

2.The Primacy of Group Freedom 267

CHAPTER 10 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 269

A.DEBATE： Bioethics 269

1.Our Duty to Future Generations 269

2.The Duty We Owe to All Existing Forms of Life 269

3.Reply 273

4.Rejoinder 275

5.Intervention 275

B.Biodiversity 276

C.Desertification 278

D.Common Heritage 279

E.Common Concern 279

F.Elephants 280

G.Whales： Their Emerging Right to Life 285

CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT 303

A.Legislative Reach 303

1.General Principles 303

2.Countermeasures 303

a.An Expansive View 303

b.A Restrictive View 304

3.Antitrust 305

4.The Restatement’s New “Balancing Test” 306

5.A Presumption in Favor of Extraterritoriality 307

6.Export Controls 308

7.Intellectual Property 309

a.Problems 309

b.Droit Moral 310

B.Trade and the Environment 310

C.Exhaustion of Local Remedies 312

D.The Calvo Doctrine 312

E.The Calvo Clause 313

F.Espousal of Claims 313

G.A Letter Requesting Espousal 315

H.Dispute Resolution 320

1.Negotiation 320

2.Arbitration 323

3.Third-Party Assistance 324

4.Adjudication 325

CHAPTER 12 EMERGING ISSUE AREAS 327

A.Rights of the Child 327

1.Background 327

2.Discussion of Crosscountry Adoption 328

3.The Need for Crosscountry Adoption 329

B.AIDS 333

C.The Right to Health 334

D.Medical Experimentation 335

E.Sale of Human Organs 337

F.International Sports Law 338

PART Ⅳ THE NORMATIVE DIMENSION 347

CHAPTER 13 PEACE 347

CHAPTER 14 JUSTICE 351

A.The View From Political Theory 351

B.The View From Moral Philosophy 354

C.A Skeptical View 358

D.A Test Case 358

E.DEBATE： Resolved That Peace Is More Important Than Justice 363

CHAPTER 15 DEMOCRACY 367

A.The Emerging Democratic Entitlement 367

B.Democratic Governance： An African Perspective 373

C.What Kind of Democracy Do We Want to Export？ 375

CHAPTER 16 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES 381

A.The Political Science Critique 381

1.Realist International Relations Theory 381

2.Liberal International Relations Theory 381

B.The Natural Law Critique 384

1.The Inevitable Circularity 384

2.Natural Law As a Form of Dispute Resolution 385

C.The Systems Critique 386

D.The Critical Legal Studies Critique 388

E.DEBATE： The Feminist Critique of International Law 389

F.DEBATE： The “Domestication” of International Law 400

CHAPTER 17 THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 411

A.The Dysfunctional State 411

B.The Rhetoric of Expectation 411

C.International Consciousness 412

D.Global Civilization 414

INDEX 421