Principles of Food ToxicologyPDF电子书下载

Section Ⅰ：Basics of toxicology connected to food 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1.1 What is toxicology？ 3

1.2 Short history of toxicology 5

1.3 Toxicity dose and response 7

1.4 Interaction of toxic substances 14

1.5 Classification of toxicants 15

1.6 Some toxicology-related principles of cellular biology and biochemistry 16

1.6.1 Structure of cellular membranes 16

1.6.2 Transport of substances across biomembranes 17

1.6.3 Receptors 20

References 22

Chapter 2 Routes of xenobiotics in an organism 23

2.1 Entry and absorption of foreign compounds 23

2.1.1 Digestive tract 24

2.1.2 Lungs 25

2.1.3 Skin 26

2.2 Distribution of xenobiotics in an organism 27

2.2.1 Blood supply and membrane barriers 27

2.2.2 Binding of xenobiotics to charged particles 28

2.2.3 Bioaccumulation of xenobiotics 29

2.3 Metabolism of xenobiotics 30

2.3.1 General principles 30

2.3.2 Phase Ⅰ reactions 33

2.3.2.1 Enzyme superfamily CYP 33

2.3.2.2 Other enzymes，catalyzing oxidation 34

2.3.2.3 Examples of phase Ⅰ reactions 35

2.3.3 Phase Ⅱ reactions 38

2.3.4 Induction and inhibition of metabolic enzymes 42

2.3.4.1 Induction of enzymes 42

2.3.4.2 Inhibition of enzymes 44

2.3.5 Participation of enteric microflora in the metabolism of xenobiotics 45

2.3.6 Influence of diet on metabolism 46

2.4 Elimination of xenobiotics and their metabolites from organism 47

2.4.1 Kidneys 48

2.4.2 Liver 49

2.4.3 Intestines 50

2.4.4 Lungs 50

2.5 Biomagnification 51

2.6 Antidotes 52

2.6.1 General methods 52

2.6.2 Specific mechanisms of antidote action 53

References 54

Chapter 3 Toxic response 55

3.1 Variability of toxic response 55

3.2 Types of toxic response 56

3.2.1 General principles 56

3.2.2 Direct injury of a cell or tissue 59

3.2.3 Biochemical damage 60

3.2.4 Neurotoxicity 61

3.2.5 Immunotoxicity 62

3.2.6 Teratogenicity 63

3.2.7 Genotoxicity and mutagenicity 65

3.2.8 Carcinogenicity 68

3.2.9 Endocrine disruption 74

3.3 Molecular mechanisms of toxicity 78

3.3.1 Disturbance of cell homeostasis 78

3.3.2 Receptor-mediated mechanisms 79

3.3.3 Other toxic effects mediated by cellular membranes 81

3.3.4 Alteration of cell energetics 82

3.3.5 Covalent binding to essential cellular macromolecules 83

3.3.6 Oxidative stress 83

3.3.7 Inhibition of DNA repair 85

3.3.8 Multiple interorgan effects 85

3.4 Biomarkers of toxic effect 86

References 89

Chapter 4 Analytical toxicology：Determination of foreign compounds 91

4.1 General principles 91

4.2 Hyphenated chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods 92

4.3 Immunological methods for sample preparation and analysis 96

4.3.1 Immunoaffinity columns 96

4.3.2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 97

References 97

Chapter 5 Evaluation of toxicity of substances 99

5.1 Epidemiological studies 99

5.2 Animal tests 101

5.2.1 General principles 101

5.2.2 Organism-independent factors influencing compound toxicity 105

5.2.2.1 Dependence on species 105

5.2.2.2 Genetic variabilities 106

5.2.2.3 Generic variabilities 106

5.2.2.4 Dependence on age 107

5.2.2.5 Dietary conditions 108

5.2.2.6 Health conditions 109

5.2.2.7 Simultaneous contact with several xenobiotics 110

5.3 Cell culture tests 110

5.4 Computer calculations 112

5.5 Acute toxicity tests 113

5.6 Subacute/subchronic toxicity tests 114

5.7 Chronic toxicity tests：Acceptable daily intake 115

5.8 Other toxicity tests 116

References 117

Chapter 6 Toxicological safety and risk analysis 119

6.1 Toxicological safety 119

6.2 Risk assessment 120

6.2.1 Hazard identification：Principle of the three Rs 121

6.2.2 Demonstration of a dose-response relationship 122

6.2.3 Assessment of exposure 124

6.2.4 Risk characterization 124

References 127

Chapter 7 Internet sources of toxicological information 129

7.1 Pesticide residues 129

7.2 Food additives 130

7.3 Food allergens 130

Reference 130

Section Ⅱ Main groups of food-borne toxicants 131

Chapter 8 Endogenous plant toxicants 133

8.1 Lectins or hemagglutinins 133

8.2 Enzyme inhibitors 134

8.3 Alkaloids 135

8.3.1 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 135

8.3.2 Solanine-group glycoalkaloids 137

8.3.3 Xanthine alkaloids 139

8.3.4 Ephedrine alkaloids 141

8.4 Cyanogenic glucosides：Toxicity mechanism of HCN 142

8.5 Phytoestrogens 145

8.6 Glucosinolates 146

8.7 Coumarin 147

8.8 Thujones 148

8.9 Anisatine 150

8.10 Toxic amino acids 150

8.11 Toxic lipids 153

8.11.1 Erucic acid 153

8.11.2 Sterculic and malvalic acids 154

8.11.3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 154

8.12 Oxalates 154

8.13 Fluoroacetates 155

8.14 Bracken toxins 156

8.15 Saponins 157

8.16 Grayanotoxin 159

8.17 Mushroom toxins 160

8.17.1 General principles 160

8.17.2 Amatoxins 161

8.17.3 Muscarine 163

8.17.4 Isoxazoles 164

8.17.5 Other mushroom toxins 165

References 166

Chapter 9 Geochemical pollutants that plants absorb from soil 169

9.1 Arsenic 169

9.2 Selenium 171

9.3 Fluorine 173

References 174

Chapter 10 Environmental pollutants 177

10.1 Toxic chemical elements 177

10.1.1 Mercury 177

10.1.2 Lead 179

10.1.3 Cadmium 181

10.1.4 Chromium 183

10.1.5 Copper 184

10.1.6 Nickel 185

10.2 Radionuclides 185

10.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls 187

10.4 Polychlorinated dibensodioxins and dibensofurans 189

References 193

Chapter 11 Mycotoxins 195

11.1 Overview 195

11.2 Aflatoxins 195

11.3 Ochratoxins 199

11.4 Sterigmatocystin 200

11.5 Zearalenone 201

11.6 Fumonisins 202

11.7 Trichothecenes 203

11.8 Patulin 204

11.9 Citrinin and citreoviridin 205

11.10 Ergot toxins 206

11.11 Other mycotoxins 207

11.12 Combined toxicity of mycotoxins 207

References 209

Chapter 12 Animal endogenous poisons 211

12.1 Prions 211

12.2 Lactose 213

12.3 Phytanic acid 214

12.4 Avidin 214

12.5 Vitamins of animal origin 214

References 215

Chapter 13 Food toxins from sea 217

13.1 Shellfish toxicants 217

13.1.1 Paralytic shellfish poisoning 217

13.1.2 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning 220

13.1.3 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 222

13.1.4 Amnesic shellfish poisoning 222

13.1.5 Microcystins and nodularins 223

13.2 Fish toxins 224

13.2.1 Tetrodotoxin 224

13.2.2 Ciguatoxin 226

References 228

Chapter 14 Pesticide residues 231

14.1 General principles 231

14.2 Insecticides 238

14.3 Herbicides 238

14.4 Fungicides 239

References 239

Chapter 15 Veterinary drugs and feed additives 241

15.1 Antibiotics 241

15.2 Hormones 242

15.3 Other veterinary drugs 243

15.3.1 Coccidiostatics 243

15.3.2 Anthelmintics 244

15.3.3 β-agonists 245

15.3.4 Glucocorticoids 245

15.3.5 Thyreostatics 245

References 246

Chapter 16 Toxicants unintentionally entering food during processing，storage，and digestion 247

16.1 General 247

16.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 247

16.3 Alcohols 250

16.4 Bacterial toxins 252

16.4.1 Exotoxins 255

16.4.1.1 Staphylococcus 255

16.4.1.2 Clostridia 256

16.4.1.3 Bacillus cereus 259

16.4.1.4 Campylobacters 260

16.4.1.5 Listeria 260

16.4.2 Endotoxins 261

16.5 Biogenic vasoactive amines 263

16.5.1 Scombroid poisoning 264

16.6 Nitrates，nitrites，and nitrosamines 266

16.7 Acrylamide 269

16.8 Chlorinated propanols 270

16.9 Phthalates 271

16.10 Bisphenols 274

References 274

Chapter 17 Food additives 277

17.1 Traditional food additives 277

17.1.1 General principles 277

17.1.2 Colorants 280

17.1.3 Sweeteners 281

17.1.4 Preservatives 283

17.1.5 Antioxidants 283

17.2 Functional additives 283

17.2.1 General principles 283

17.2.2 Functional additive-drug interactions 287

References 288

Chapter 18 Vitamins 291

18.1 General 291

18.2 Vitamin A：Phenomenon of smokers 292

18.3 Vitamin D 295

18.4 Vitamin E 295

18.5 Vitamin K 297

18.6 Vitamin B2 297

18.7 Vitamin B6 298

18.8 Vitamin C 298

18.9 Vitamin B3 299

18.10 Diagnosing and therapy of vitamin intoxications 299

References 300

Chapter 19 Glossary 301

Index 313