Section Ⅰ：Basics of toxicology connected to food 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 What is toxicology？ 3
1.2 Short history of toxicology 5
1.3 Toxicity dose and response 7
1.4 Interaction of toxic substances 14
1.5 Classification of toxicants 15
1.6 Some toxicology-related principles of cellular biology and biochemistry 16
1.6.1 Structure of cellular membranes 16
1.6.2 Transport of substances across biomembranes 17
1.6.3 Receptors 20
References 22
Chapter 2 Routes of xenobiotics in an organism 23
2.1 Entry and absorption of foreign compounds 23
2.1.1 Digestive tract 24
2.1.2 Lungs 25
2.1.3 Skin 26
2.2 Distribution of xenobiotics in an organism 27
2.2.1 Blood supply and membrane barriers 27
2.2.2 Binding of xenobiotics to charged particles 28
2.2.3 Bioaccumulation of xenobiotics 29
2.3 Metabolism of xenobiotics 30
2.3.1 General principles 30
2.3.2 Phase Ⅰ reactions 33
2.3.2.1 Enzyme superfamily CYP 33
2.3.2.2 Other enzymes，catalyzing oxidation 34
2.3.2.3 Examples of phase Ⅰ reactions 35
2.3.3 Phase Ⅱ reactions 38
2.3.4 Induction and inhibition of metabolic enzymes 42
2.3.4.1 Induction of enzymes 42
2.3.4.2 Inhibition of enzymes 44
2.3.5 Participation of enteric microflora in the metabolism of xenobiotics 45
2.3.6 Influence of diet on metabolism 46
2.4 Elimination of xenobiotics and their metabolites from organism 47
2.4.1 Kidneys 48
2.4.2 Liver 49
2.4.3 Intestines 50
2.4.4 Lungs 50
2.5 Biomagnification 51
2.6 Antidotes 52
2.6.1 General methods 52
2.6.2 Specific mechanisms of antidote action 53
References 54
Chapter 3 Toxic response 55
3.1 Variability of toxic response 55
3.2 Types of toxic response 56
3.2.1 General principles 56
3.2.2 Direct injury of a cell or tissue 59
3.2.3 Biochemical damage 60
3.2.4 Neurotoxicity 61
3.2.5 Immunotoxicity 62
3.2.6 Teratogenicity 63
3.2.7 Genotoxicity and mutagenicity 65
3.2.8 Carcinogenicity 68
3.2.9 Endocrine disruption 74
3.3 Molecular mechanisms of toxicity 78
3.3.1 Disturbance of cell homeostasis 78
3.3.2 Receptor-mediated mechanisms 79
3.3.3 Other toxic effects mediated by cellular membranes 81
3.3.4 Alteration of cell energetics 82
3.3.5 Covalent binding to essential cellular macromolecules 83
3.3.6 Oxidative stress 83
3.3.7 Inhibition of DNA repair 85
3.3.8 Multiple interorgan effects 85
3.4 Biomarkers of toxic effect 86
References 89
Chapter 4 Analytical toxicology：Determination of foreign compounds 91
4.1 General principles 91
4.2 Hyphenated chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods 92
4.3 Immunological methods for sample preparation and analysis 96
4.3.1 Immunoaffinity columns 96
4.3.2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 97
References 97
Chapter 5 Evaluation of toxicity of substances 99
5.1 Epidemiological studies 99
5.2 Animal tests 101
5.2.1 General principles 101
5.2.2 Organism-independent factors influencing compound toxicity 105
5.2.2.1 Dependence on species 105
5.2.2.2 Genetic variabilities 106
5.2.2.3 Generic variabilities 106
5.2.2.4 Dependence on age 107
5.2.2.5 Dietary conditions 108
5.2.2.6 Health conditions 109
5.2.2.7 Simultaneous contact with several xenobiotics 110
5.3 Cell culture tests 110
5.4 Computer calculations 112
5.5 Acute toxicity tests 113
5.6 Subacute/subchronic toxicity tests 114
5.7 Chronic toxicity tests：Acceptable daily intake 115
5.8 Other toxicity tests 116
References 117
Chapter 6 Toxicological safety and risk analysis 119
6.1 Toxicological safety 119
6.2 Risk assessment 120
6.2.1 Hazard identification：Principle of the three Rs 121
6.2.2 Demonstration of a dose-response relationship 122
6.2.3 Assessment of exposure 124
6.2.4 Risk characterization 124
References 127
Chapter 7 Internet sources of toxicological information 129
7.1 Pesticide residues 129
7.2 Food additives 130
7.3 Food allergens 130
Reference 130
Section Ⅱ Main groups of food-borne toxicants 131
Chapter 8 Endogenous plant toxicants 133
8.1 Lectins or hemagglutinins 133
8.2 Enzyme inhibitors 134
8.3 Alkaloids 135
8.3.1 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 135
8.3.2 Solanine-group glycoalkaloids 137
8.3.3 Xanthine alkaloids 139
8.3.4 Ephedrine alkaloids 141
8.4 Cyanogenic glucosides：Toxicity mechanism of HCN 142
8.5 Phytoestrogens 145
8.6 Glucosinolates 146
8.7 Coumarin 147
8.8 Thujones 148
8.9 Anisatine 150
8.10 Toxic amino acids 150
8.11 Toxic lipids 153
8.11.1 Erucic acid 153
8.11.2 Sterculic and malvalic acids 154
8.11.3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 154
8.12 Oxalates 154
8.13 Fluoroacetates 155
8.14 Bracken toxins 156
8.15 Saponins 157
8.16 Grayanotoxin 159
8.17 Mushroom toxins 160
8.17.1 General principles 160
8.17.2 Amatoxins 161
8.17.3 Muscarine 163
8.17.4 Isoxazoles 164
8.17.5 Other mushroom toxins 165
References 166
Chapter 9 Geochemical pollutants that plants absorb from soil 169
9.1 Arsenic 169
9.2 Selenium 171
9.3 Fluorine 173
References 174
Chapter 10 Environmental pollutants 177
10.1 Toxic chemical elements 177
10.1.1 Mercury 177
10.1.2 Lead 179
10.1.3 Cadmium 181
10.1.4 Chromium 183
10.1.5 Copper 184
10.1.6 Nickel 185
10.2 Radionuclides 185
10.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls 187
10.4 Polychlorinated dibensodioxins and dibensofurans 189
References 193
Chapter 11 Mycotoxins 195
11.1 Overview 195
11.2 Aflatoxins 195
11.3 Ochratoxins 199
11.4 Sterigmatocystin 200
11.5 Zearalenone 201
11.6 Fumonisins 202
11.7 Trichothecenes 203
11.8 Patulin 204
11.9 Citrinin and citreoviridin 205
11.10 Ergot toxins 206
11.11 Other mycotoxins 207
11.12 Combined toxicity of mycotoxins 207
References 209
Chapter 12 Animal endogenous poisons 211
12.1 Prions 211
12.2 Lactose 213
12.3 Phytanic acid 214
12.4 Avidin 214
12.5 Vitamins of animal origin 214
References 215
Chapter 13 Food toxins from sea 217
13.1 Shellfish toxicants 217
13.1.1 Paralytic shellfish poisoning 217
13.1.2 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning 220
13.1.3 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 222
13.1.4 Amnesic shellfish poisoning 222
13.1.5 Microcystins and nodularins 223
13.2 Fish toxins 224
13.2.1 Tetrodotoxin 224
13.2.2 Ciguatoxin 226
References 228
Chapter 14 Pesticide residues 231
14.1 General principles 231
14.2 Insecticides 238
14.3 Herbicides 238
14.4 Fungicides 239
References 239
Chapter 15 Veterinary drugs and feed additives 241
15.1 Antibiotics 241
15.2 Hormones 242
15.3 Other veterinary drugs 243
15.3.1 Coccidiostatics 243
15.3.2 Anthelmintics 244
15.3.3 β-agonists 245
15.3.4 Glucocorticoids 245
15.3.5 Thyreostatics 245
References 246
Chapter 16 Toxicants unintentionally entering food during processing，storage，and digestion 247
16.1 General 247
16.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 247
16.3 Alcohols 250
16.4 Bacterial toxins 252
16.4.1 Exotoxins 255
16.4.1.1 Staphylococcus 255
16.4.1.2 Clostridia 256
16.4.1.3 Bacillus cereus 259
16.4.1.4 Campylobacters 260
16.4.1.5 Listeria 260
16.4.2 Endotoxins 261
16.5 Biogenic vasoactive amines 263
16.5.1 Scombroid poisoning 264
16.6 Nitrates，nitrites，and nitrosamines 266
16.7 Acrylamide 269
16.8 Chlorinated propanols 270
16.9 Phthalates 271
16.10 Bisphenols 274
References 274
Chapter 17 Food additives 277
17.1 Traditional food additives 277
17.1.1 General principles 277
17.1.2 Colorants 280
17.1.3 Sweeteners 281
17.1.4 Preservatives 283
17.1.5 Antioxidants 283
17.2 Functional additives 283
17.2.1 General principles 283
17.2.2 Functional additive-drug interactions 287
References 288
Chapter 18 Vitamins 291
18.1 General 291
18.2 Vitamin A：Phenomenon of smokers 292
18.3 Vitamin D 295
18.4 Vitamin E 295
18.5 Vitamin K 297
18.6 Vitamin B2 297
18.7 Vitamin B6 298
18.8 Vitamin C 298
18.9 Vitamin B3 299
18.10 Diagnosing and therapy of vitamin intoxications 299
References 300
Chapter 19 Glossary 301
Index 313