SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT CRIME AND DRUGS FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ THINKING CLEARLY ABOUT CRIME 1

1 CRIME AND POLICY: A COMPLEX PROBLEM 3

“Victory” or “Ticking Time Bomb”？ 3

The Search for Answers 4

Simplistic Solutions 5

Understanding the Crime Problem in the United States 6

Two Crime Problems 6

What the Murder Data Tell 7

Fear Versus Risk 8

Two Drug Problems 8

Crime Trends: Unraveling the Controversy 9

The War on Crime 10

The War on Crime and the African American Community 10

Overloading the System 12

Crime Policy: A Plague of Nonsense 13

The Futility of Waging “War” on Crime 15

The Ground Rules 16

The Question of Reasonable Goals 16

Guilty: Liberals and Conservatives 17

Crime Control Theology 17

Conservative Theology 18

Liberal Crime Control Theology 20

A Word About Rules 21

Ideological Confusion: Switching Sides 22

Conclusion 22

Notes 23

2 MODELS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 26

The Crime Commission’s Model 29

The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake 30

Celebrated Cases: The Top Layer 30

Serious Felonies: The Second and Third Layers 32

Prior Relationship: A Policy Dilemma 35

Hard or Soft on Crime？ Unraveling the Paradox 36

The Lower Depths: The Fourth Layer 37

Conclusion 38

Notes 38

3 THE GOING RATE 40

Evaluating the System 40

The Funnel 42

Rejections and Dismissals: Loophole？ 45

From Indictment to Punishment 47

An International Perspective on the Going Rate 50

The Courtroom Work Group 51

The Limits of Reform 52

The Dynamics of Reform 53

Criminal Justice Thermodynamics 54

How Many Mistakes？ 56

Conclusion 57

Notes 57

4 THE CAREER CRIMINAL 60

Wolfgang’s Birth Cohort 60

Other Cohort Studies 62

From Research to Policy 64

The Prediction Problem 65

The Rand Selective Incapacitation Study 67

How Much Crime Do They Do？ 69

Conclusion 70

Notes 71

Ⅱ “GET TOUGH”: THE CONSERVATIVE ATTACK ON CRIME 73

5 UNLEASH THE COPS！ 75

More Cops 75

The Police and Crime 76

The Lessons of Kansas City 77

Focused Police Patrol Activities 79

Does Policing Make Any Difference at All？ 81

Faster Response Time 82

More Detectives 83

Myths and Realities of Detective Work 83

Targeting Career Criminals 85

Eliminate the “Technicalities” 86

Repeal the Exclusionary Rule 87

The Exclusionary Rule and Crime Fighting 87

The Positive Impact of the Exclusionary Rule 89

Abolish Miranda 90

Miranda in Operation 90

Modifying Miranda 92

Conclusion 92

Notes 93

6 DETER THE CRIMINALS 96

Deterrence Theory 96

Assumptions Underlying Deterrence 97

The Risk of Crime: Some Preliminary Evidence 98

The Death Penalty 99

Sorting Out the Issues 99

Executions and Crime: Sellin’s Studies 100

Dr.Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet 100

Delays and Deterrence 102

Brutalization Theory？ 102

Summary 103

Deterring the Drunk Driver 103

The “Killer Drunk” and Other Myths 103

Deterrence and Drunk Driving 105

Drunk Drivers in Court 107

Crackdown Costs 109

Alternative Strategies for Dealing with Drunk Drivers 109

And Now for Some Good News 109

Deterring Burglars and Robbers 111

The Rand Inmate Survey 112

Deterring Domestic Violence 113

Conclusion 114

Notes 114

7 LOCK ’EM UP 117

Getting Criminals off the Street 117

Preventive Detention 118

A Short History of Bail Reform 118

Preventive Detention in Operation: Washington， D.C. 119

The 1984 Federal Bail Reform Act 120

Crime on Bail: Myths and Reality 121

The Prediction Problem Revisited 123

Speedy Trial: A Better Way 124

Incapacitation 125

Selective Incapacitation: The Rand Formula 125

Gross Incapacitation: Zedlewski’s New Math 128

Incapacitation: A Sober Estimate 129

Mandatory Sentencing 130

Three Case Studies 131

Mandatory Sentencing and Crime 136

Three Strikes—We Are All Out 137

Implementation 138

Impact 138

Summary: Striking Out 140

Conclusion 140

Notes 140

8 CLOSE THE LOOPHOLES 144

Prosecute the Career Criminal 144

Getting Tough in San Diego 144

Other Prosecution Programs 146

Abolish the Insanity Defense 147

Sorting Out the Issues 148

The Reality of the Insanity Defense 148

Aftermath of Acquittal 149

Danger to the Community 150

The Impact of Abolition 150

Abolish Plea Bargaining 153

Alaska Bans Plea Bargaining 153

Other Experiments 156

In Search of Plea Bargains 156

Restrict Appeals 157

Limiting Appeals 158

Appeals in Practice 159

Conclusion 160

Notes 160

Ⅲ THE MIDDLE GROUND: GUNS AND VICTIMS 163

9 PROTECT THE VICTIMS 165

Victims of Crime 165

The Victims’ Rights Movement 166

The Costs of Crime 168

New Laws and Programs 168

Critics of the Movement 168

Sorting Out the Issues 168

Criteria for Evaluation 169

Victim Assistance Programs 170

Police-Victim Recontact 171

Victim Compensation 172

Expanding the Victim’s Voice 173

The Impact of Victims’ Voice Laws 174

Speedy Trial 175

Getting Tough on Crime 176

Mandatory Arrest for Domestic Violence 176

Conclusion 177

Notes 177

10 CONTROL GUN CRIMES 180

The Problem with Guns—and Gun Policy 180

Gun Ownership and Gun-Related Violence 181

Types of Guns 181

Gun Ownership 181

Handgun-Related Violence 182

Handguns as Self-Protection 182

Gun-Related Laws 183

The Policy Alternatives 184

Public Attitudes Toward Gun Control 184

Ban Handguns 185

Ban Possession 185

The Limits of “Banning” Handguns 185

Ban Bullets 186

Ban the Manufacture and Importation of Handguns 187

Buy Back Handguns 187

Ban Saturday Night Specials 187

Ban Assault Rifles 188

Summary 188

Regulate the Sale and Possession of Handguns 188

Waiting Periods: The Brady Bill 190

Summary 190

Restrict the Use of Handguns 191

Restrict the Carrying of Handguns 191

Airplanes and Schools 193

Get Guns Off the Street: The Kansas City Experiment 194

More Guns？ 195

Get Tough on Weapons Offenses 195

Getting Tough in Detroit 196

Conclusion 198

Notes 198

Ⅳ REFORM: THE LIBERAL PRESCRIPTION 201

11 TREAT ’EM！ 203

Rehabilitating Criminals 203

The Philosophy of Rehabilitation 203

Political Controversy: The Willie Horton Furlough 204

The “Nothing Works” Controversy 204

Was Martinson Right？ 205

The Prediction Problem Revisited 206

The Revival of Correctional Intervention？ 206

Diversion 207

The Manhattan Court Employment Project 208

The Net-Widening Problem 209

Does Diversion Rehabilitate？ 209

Probation 210

The Effectiveness of Probation 211

The New Intermediate Punishments 214

Intensive Probation Supervision 214

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring 216

Boot Camps 218

Parole 220

Does Parole Work？ 220

Intensive Parole Supervision 221

The Prediction Problem Again 222

Abolish Parole？ 223

Reintegration and Restorative Justice 224

Restorative Justice in Operation 224

Rehabilitation: Running on Empty？ 225

Notes 226

12 REFORM THE LAW AND THE SYSTEM 230

Decriminalization 230

The Rationale for Decriminalization 231

The Terms of the Debate 232

The Impact of Decriminalization 233

Public Disorder Crimes 234

Abortion 234

Sex Between Consenting Adults 235

Gambling 235

Summary 236

Legalizing Drugs？ 236

Eliminate Injustice 236

Arrest as a Case Study 237

Summary 238

Conclusion 238

Notes 238

Ⅴ THE DRUG PROBLEM 241

13 SENSE AND NONSENSE ABOUT DRUGS 243

The Drug Problem 243

Hysteria over Drugs 243

Myths and Realities About Drugs and Crime 244

The Extent of Illegal Drug Use 244

The Drug-Crime Connection 247

The Drug Policy Choices 248

The War on Drugs: Policy and Consequences 249

Impact of the War on Drugs 249

Police “Crackdowns” 250

Interdiction and Eradication 252

Tougher Sentencing 252

The Limits of the Criminal Law 253

The Lessons of History 254

When Enforcement Does Work 254

Demand Reduction: Drug Education 255

‘Just Say No” 255

DARE: Success or Failure？ 256

But Some Education Programs Do Work 257

Drug Treatment 259

Varieties of Treatment 259

Does Treatment Work？ 260

Legalize Drugs？ 261

Varieties of Legalization 262

The Impact of Legalization 263

A Specific Proposal 263

Conclusion 266

Notes 267

Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS 271

14 THE PARADOX OF CRIME AND CRIME POLICY 273

The Great American Paternity Fight 273

A Word of Caution 274

A Quick Review of What We Have Learned 274

Crime Prevention: The Maryland Report 276

Conclusion 279

Notes 279

I NDEX 281