Physical foundations of materials sciencePDF电子书下载

Introduction 3

1 Microstructure 5

2 Atomic Structure of Solids 13

2.1 Atomic Bonding 13

2.2 Crystal Structure 20

2.2.1 Crystal Systems and Space Lattice 20

2.2.2 Crystal Structures of Metals 24

2.2.3 Crystal Structure of Ceramic Materials 30

2.2.4 Crystal Structure of Plymers 32

2.3 Indexing Crystallographic Planes and Directions 35

2.4 Representation of Orientations：Stereographic Projection 41

2.5 Experimental Crystallographic Methods 45

2.5.1 Bragg’s law 45

2.5.2 X-ray Methods 46

2.5.3 Electron Microscopy 53

2.5.4 Crystallographic Textures 55

3 Crystal Defects 63

3.1 Overview 63

3.2 Point Defects 63

3.2.1 Types of point defects 63

3.2.2 Thermodynamics of point defects 65

3.2.3 Experimental evidence of point defects 68

3.3 Dislocations 71

3.3.1 Geometry of dislocations 71

3.3.2 Evidence of dislocations 78

3.4 Grain Boundaries 82

3.4.1 Terminology and Definitions 82

3.4.2 Atomic Structure of Grain Boundaries 84

3.4.2.1 Low angle grain boundaries 84

3.4.2.2 High angle grain boundaries 87

3.5 Phase Boundaries 98

3.5.1 Classification of Phase Boundaries 98

3.5.2 Phenomenological Characterization of Phase Boundaries 102

4 Alloys 107

4.1 Constitution of Alloys 107

4.2 Thermodynamics of Alloys 121

4.3 Solid Solutions 125

4.4 Intermetallic Compounds 133

4.4.1 Overview 133

4.4.2 Ordered Solid Solutions 134

4.4.3 Compound Phases 142

4.4.4 Phases with High Packing Density 144

4.4.5 Electronic Phases （Hume-Rothery-phases） 148

4.5 Multicomponent Systems 151

5 Diffusion 155

5.1 Phenomenology and Basic Laws 155

5.2 The Diffusion Constant 162

5.3 Atomistics of Solid State Diffusion 165

5.4 Correlation Effects 176

5.5 Chemical Diffusion 179

5.6 Thermodynamic factor 183

5.7 Grain Boundary Diffusion 186

5.8 Diffusion in Nonmetals：Ionic Conductors 190

6 Mechanical Properties 197

6.1 Basic Elements of Elasticity 197

6.2 The Flow Curve 202

6.3 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 210

6.3.1 Crystallographic Slip by Dislocation Motion 210

6.3.2 Mechanical Twinning 220

6.4 The Critical Resolved Shear Stress 226

6.4.1 Schmid’s Law 226

6.4.2 Dislocation Model of the Critically Resolved Shear Stress 230

6.4.2.1 Elastic Properties of Dislocations 230

6.4.2.2 Interaction of dislocations 235

6.4.3 Thermally Activated Dislocation Motion 237

6.5 Strain Hardening of fcc Single Crystals 241

6.5.1 Geometry of Deformation 241

6.5.2 Dislocation Models of Strain Hardening 245

6.5.3 Dissociation of Dislocations 252

6.6 Strength and Deformation of Polycrystals 257

6.7 Strengthening Mechanisms 264

6.7.1 Solid Solution Hardening 264

6.7.2 Dispersion Hardening 271

6.7.3 Precipitation Hardening 274

6.8 Time Dependent Deformation 278

6.8.1 Strain Rate Sensitivity of Flow Stress：Superplasticity 278

6.8.2 Creep 281

6.8.3 Anelasticity and Viscoelasticity 288

7 Recovery，Recrystallization，Grain Growth 303

7.1 Phenomena and Terminology 303

7.2 Energetics of Recrystallization 308

7.3 Deformation Microstructure 312

7.4 Recovery 316

7.5 Nucleation 321

7.6 Grain Boundary Migration 327

7.7 Kinetics of Primary Recrystallization 330

7.8 The Recrystallization Diagram 335

7.9 Recrystallization in Homogeneous Alloys 337

7.10 Recrystallization in Multiphase Alloys 338

7.11 Normal Grain Growth 341

7.12 Discontinuous Grain Growth （Secondary Recrystallization） 347

7.13 Dynamic Recrystallization 348

7.14 Recrystallization Textures 350

7.15 Recrystallization in Nonmetallic Materials 356

8 Solidification 357

8.1 The liquid state 357

8.2 Nucleation of the Solid State 360

8.3 Crystal Growth 367

8.3.1 Shape of a crystal 367

8.3.2 Atomistics of Crystal Growth 369

8.3.3 Crystal growth in the melt 371

8.3.3.1 Solidification of pure metals 371

8.3.3.2 Solidification of alloys 373

8.3.3.3 Solidification of eutectic alloys 376

8.4 Microstructure of a Cast Ingot 378

8.5 Solidification Defects 380

8.6 Rapid Solidification of Metals and Alloys 382

8.7 Solidification of Glasses and Polymers 385

8.7.1 Ionic crystals and glasses 385

8.7.2 Polymers 386

9 Solid State Phase Transformations 389

9.1 Pure Metals 389

9.2 Alloys 389

9.2.1 Diffusion Controlled Phase Transformations 389

9.2.1.1 General classification 389

9.2.1.2 Thermodynamics of decomposition 390

9.2.1.3 Nucleation and spinodal decomposition 396

9.2.1.4 Metastable phases 401

9.2.1.5 Age hardening 403

9.2.1.6 Growth kinetics of precipitates 407

9.2.1.7 Eutectoid decomposition and discontinuous precipitation 411

9.2.2 Martensitic Transformations 413

9.2.3 Applications 419

9.2.3.1 TTT diagrams 419

9.2.3.2 Technological importance of martensite transformations：some examples 419

10 Physical Properties 423

10.1 Fundamentals of Electron Theory 423

10.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 430

10.3 Thermal Conductivity 436

10.4 Electrical Properties 439

10.4.1 Conductors，semi-conductors and insulators 439

10.4.2 Conductivity of metals 443

10.4.3 Modeling of the Electrical Conductivity 446

10.4.4 Superconductivity 452

10.5 Magnetic Properties 457

10.5.1 Dia- and paramagnetism 457

10.5.2 Ferromagnetism 459

10.6 Optical Properties 466

10.6.1 Light 466

10.6.2 Reflection of metallic surfaces 468

10.6.3 Insulators 468

10.6.3.1 Color 468

10.6.3.2 Absorption 470

10.6.3.3 Photoconductivity 471

10.6.3.4 Luminescence 472

10.6.4 Applications 473

References 475

Specific Literature 483

Index 487