PRACTICAL FORENSIC DIGITAL IMAGING APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUESPDF电子书下载

1 Documentation 1

Digital Imaging 1

Forensic Digital Imaging 1

2 The Transition from 35-mm Film to Digital Imaging 11

Introduction 11

4×5 Sheet Film Cameras 12

The 120 Roll Film Cameras 13

The 35-mm SLR 13

Other Camera Types 15

The Snapshot Camera 15

The Polaroid Camera 16

The Disposable or Single-Use Camera 17

Film 18

Proper Evidentiary Handling and Storage of Film 19

3 Digital Camera Hardware 21

The Digital Point-and-Shoot Camera 21

The Digital Camera Body 21

The Menu 21

Image Numbering 21

The Lenses 22

Aperture 26

Focusing the SLR Camera 26

Aperture Preview 26

Shutter 27

Exposure 28

Remote Shutter Release 30

Resolution 31

ASA, DIN, and ISO 32

Hyperfocal Distance 32

4 Digital Imaging 33

Introduction 33

Money 33

Protection 34

Cases 34

Camera Strap 35

The Ultraviolet Filter 36

The Camera 37

Flash or Strobe 37

Automatic versus Manual 40

Settings 42

Shutter 42

Slave 43

The "Normal" Lens 44

The Telephoto Lens 44

The Wide-Angle Lens 45

The Macro Lens 45

Lighting with the Macro Lens 46

Using the Flash on Your Camera 50

The On-and-Off Switch 50

Turn the Camera Upside Down 50

List Photo Images 52

The 90-Degree Rule 53

Perspective Images 55

The Scale 55

Exculpatory Evidence 58

Extreme Conditions 58

18 7.01965E-318ray Card 60

5 Light 61

Introduction 61

Ambient Light 61

Color Temperature 62

Color Rendering Index 63

Flash/Strobe 64

Direct Flash 65

Indirect Flash 66

Fill Light 67

Subtractive Light 67

Additive Light 67

Ambient or Available Light 68

Painting with Light 68

Ring Light 70

Diffusing Your On-Camera Flash with Tissue 70

Other Lighting Equipment 70

Snoot 73

Barn Doors 73

Umbrella 74

6 Filters 75

Introduction 75

Polarizing Filter 75

Band-Pass and Band-Block Filters 77

Filter Factors 77

Color-Compensating Filters 77

Kodak Light-Balancing Filters 78

Conversion Filters for Color Films 78

Stacking Filters 78

Neutral-Density Filters 78

Infrared and Ultraviolet Filters 81

7 Macro/Micro Imaging 83

Introduction 83

Photo Image Evidence at 90 Degrees to the Object 83

Bench Imaging 85

Backgrounds 85

Handguns 86

The Scale 88

Studio in a Box 90

The Light Box 92

Rope Caulk 94

Helping Hands 95

The Tripod 96

8 Law 101

The Lay Witness 101

The Professional Witness 101

The Expert Witness 101

The Nature of Law 101

Miranda Warnings 104

Types of Witnesses 105

The Lay Witness 105

The Professional Witness 106

The Expert Witness 107

Qualifying an Expert Witness 114

General 114

Practice 114

Certification 114

Membership in Forensic Organizations 115

Studies and Continuing Education 115

Teaching of Forensic Science 115

Lectures 115

Publications 115

Research 115

Court Experience 115

Reports 115

Changes 116

Daubert 117

Frye 118

9 Enhancement of Images 123

Introduction 123

Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology 123

History 123

The Mission Statement of SWGIT 123

Admissibility of Digital Images 124

"Doctored" Images 124

Cover Letter, Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, Former SWGIT Chair 125

Photo Image Enhancement Log 128

Photoshop 128

ACDSee Pro 128

Enhancing a Latent Fingerprint 128

Latent Lift 130

Bare Footprint Developed with Ninhydrin 131

10 Footwear and Tire Impressions 137

Introduction 137

Casting 137

Equipment 137

Footwear 138

Tire Impressions 143

11 Digital Panoramic Camera Scanning 147

Scene Scanning 147

The System 147

Photogrammetry 147

The Scene 149

Panorama Imaging: Ultraviolet/Infrared 152

Surveillance 152

Preventive Measures 155

12 Death Investigation 159

Introduction 159

The Coroner or Medical Examiner 159

Official Photos of the Scene 159

The Scene 161

Overall or Establishing Photos 162

Perspective Photos 162

Unexpected Objects and Evidence 163

Types of Images Taken during a Death Investigation 163

Cases 164

13 Morgue Photo Imaging 185

Introduction 185

At the Scene 185

Universal Precautions 185

At the Morgue 187

Sequencing 187

Lighting 191

The Body 191

ID Photo Image 192

Scales 193

Hands 194

Wounds 200

Lividity 206

Scars, Marks, and Tattoos 206

Fingerprints 207

Clothing 211

14 Taphonomic and Entomological Imaging 215

Introduction 215

The Scene 215

The Body 215

Insects 216

Maggot Mass and Maggot Migration 221

Containers 222

Vehicles 226

Water Recovery 227

Bones 228

The Autopsy 228

15 Auto Processing 231

Introduction 231

Exterior 231

Interior 234

Compartments and Hidey-Holes 242

Trunk and Engine 245

16 Fingerprints 249

Latent Prints 249

General Rules 249

Fingerprints on Glass 250

Fingerprints on Curved Glass 251

Feathers 254

Prints on Pills and Capsules 255

Prints on Stainless Steel 258

Prints on Toilet Seats 258

17 Burglary 261

Introduction 261

Exterior 261

Interior 261

Alarm 261

Locks 264

Items of Interest 267

18 Storage of Digital Media 271

The Media 271

Storage 271

19 Fire and Arson Scene 275

Introduction 275

The Scene 275

Lighting 275

Flash 277

Marking Areas 278

Point of Origin 282

Artifacts 282

Crowd 283

Digital Imaging 285

20 Sex Offenses 287

Introduction 287

Dispatch 287

The Scene 287

Victim at the Morgue 288

Victim at the Hospital 288

Meeting the Victim 289

Photo Imaging the Victim 290

Injuries 290

Bruising 291

Clothing 294

Children 295

21 Trace Evidence and Microscopy 297

Introduction 297

Images through a Microscope 297

Microscope Camera 297

The Nikon Microphot 297

Modification 300

22 Blood 303

Introduction 303

Luminol 306

Blowback: Blood in Gun Barrel 307

23 Ultraviolet and Infrared Imaging 313

Introduction 313

UV Light Sources 313

Body Fluids 314

Insects 315

Tattoos 316

Infrared Light 316

Fuji IS Pro UVIR Camera 317

Filters for Use with the Fuji IS Pro Camera 322

Other Considerations 324

24 Digital Photo Imaging Microscope 325

VHX-1000 and Forensic Inspection 325

Handheld Integration 325

Lenses 326

Multiangle Stand 330

High-Resolution Imaging 330

High Dynamic Range 332

Documentation and Measurement Tools 334

3D Composition and Measurement 336

25 SWGIT 339

Introduction 339

Disclaimer 341

Bibliography 343

Appendix A: Glossary 345

Appendix B: Photo I.D. Card 357

Index 359