CriminologyPDF电子书下载

1 The Study of Crime 1

The Nature of Crime and Delinquency 2

The Characteristics of Crime 4

Juvenile Delinquency 5

Social Origins of the Criminal Law 6

Theoretical Perspectives on Crime and the Criminal Law 6

The Social Construction of Crime 9

Strategies of Criminological Research 10

Comparative and Historical Research 11

Biographies 12

Patterns of Crime 13

The Cohort Study 15

Surveys 16

Other Strategies of Criminological Research 18

Summary 20

IMPORTANT TERMS 20

REVIEW QUESTIONS 21

FOR FURTHER STUDY 21

2 Measuring Crime 22

The Emergence of Modern Criminology 22

Classical Criminology 22

Cartography 23

Positivism 24

Official Crime Statistics 25

History of Crime Statistics in the United States 26

FBI Crime Statistics 26

Crime Rates 28

Gathering Crime Statistics 31

Using FBI Data for Criminological Research 36

Measuring Criminal Victimization 36

History of Victimization Surveys 36

Comparing NCVS and FBI Data 37

The Dark Figure 37

Methodological Problems with Victimization Surveys 39

Measuring Crime by Self-Reports 40

History of Self-Report Studies 40

The Dark Figure 41

Methodological Problems with Self-Report Studies 42

Summary 44

IMPORTANT TERMS 45

REVIEW QUESTIONS 45

FOR FURTHER STUDY 45

3 Crime and Its Costs 46

Conventional Crimes 48

Crimes of Violence 48

Property Crimes 58

White-Collar Crime 64

Is White-Collar Crime Different? 65

The Costs of White-Collar Crime 67

Organized Crime 68

The Costs of Organized Crime 69

Victimless Crimes 69

Drug Use 70

Gambling 70

Prostitution 71

Summary 71

IMPORTANT TERMS 72

REVIEW QUESTIONS 72

FOR FURTHER STUDY 73

4 Dimensions of Crime 74

Cross-National Variations in Crime Rates 74

Regional Variations in Crime Rates within the United States 76

Variations in Crime Rates by Community 77

Crime within Metropolitan Areas 78

Migration and Crime 80

Temporal Variations in Crime Rates 81

Seasonal Variations in Crime Rates 81

Annual Trends in Crime Rates 82

Variations in Crime Rates by Sex 83

Sex and Juvenile Delinquency 85

Sex and Crime 86

Sex and Victimization 87

Variations in Crime Rates by Age 88

Age-Specific Arrest Rates 88

Age Distribution and Crime Rates 89

Age and Victimization 91

Variations in Crime Rates by Race 91

Race, Arrest Statistics, and Self-Report Studies 93

Race, Crime, and Background Variables 94

Race and Victimization 95

Variations in Crime Rates by Social Class 97

Social Class and Adult Crime 97

Social Class and Juvenile Delinquency 97

Methodological Problems 98

Social Class and Victimization 99

Summary 99

IMPORTANT TERMS 100

REVIEW QUESTIONS 101

FOR FURTHER STUDY 101

5 Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime 102

Biological Explanations of Crime 102

History of the Biological Perspective on Crime 103

Modern Biological Research on Crime 104

Biology and Modern Criminology 111

Psychological Explanations of Crime 113

Intelligence and Crime 113

Personality Characteristics 116

Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders 124

Psychology and Variations in Crime Rates 125

Psychology and the Criminal Law 126

Summary 129

IMPORTANT TERMS 130

REVIEW QUESTIONS 130

FOR FURTHER STUDY 131

6 Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Crime 132

Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of White-Collar Crime 133

Free Enterprise: Profits and Competition 133

Market Structure and Crime 135

Trust and Credit 136

Corporations and Crime 136

Development of New Technology 137

Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Organized Crime 139

Prohibition and Organized Crime 140

Organized Crime after Prohibition 140

Organized Crime and the Economic System 142

Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Conventional Crime 142

Modernization and Crime 143

Opportunity and the Economy 144

Unemployment and Crime 144

Relative Deprivation and Crime 147

Anomie, Strain, and Crime 148

Differential Opportunity and Delinquency 152

Social Class, Values, and Delinquency 154

The Subculture of Violence 156

Gender, Crime, and Feminist Criminology 159

The Generalizability Problem 160

The Gender Ratio Problem 160

Gender Socialization 162

Doing Gender 162

Power-Control Theory 164

Women as Victims, Women as Resisters 165

Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors and Variations in Crime Rates 165

Summary 167

IMPORTANT TERMS 168

REVIEW QUESTIONS 168

FOR FURTHER STUDY 168

7 Social Control and Commitment to the Law 170

Neutralizing the Law 170

Drift 170

Delinquent, Dominant, and Subterranean Values 171

Techniques of Neutralization 172

Evidence on Techniques of Neutralization 177

Critique of Neutralization Theory 180

Social Control Theory 181

The Family 181

The School 182

The Peer Group 182

Conventional Lines of Action and Adult Activities 182

Evidence on Social Control Theory 183

Critique of Social Control Theory 197

Techniques of Neutralization, Social Control Theory, and Variations in Crime Rates 199

Summary 200

IMPORTANT TERMS 201

REVIEW QUESTIONS 201

FOR FURTHER STUDY 201

8 Learning to Commit Crime 202

Sources of Learning to Commit Crime 202

The Community 202

The Peer Group 203

The General Culture 203

The Media 205

Sports 208

Pornography 210

Correctional Institutions 211

Differential Association Theory 212

Critique of Differential Association Theory 214

Evidence on Differential Association Theory 216

The Labeling Perspective 221

Labeling and Self-Concepts 222

Labeling and Opportunities 224

Labeling and Subcultures 225

Critique of the Labeling Perspective 226

Rewards and Risks of Crime 226

Reward-Risk Models of Criminal Behavior 227

The Rewards and Risks of Crime 230

Critique of Reward-Risk Models 234

Learning Theories and Variations in Crime Rates 234

Summary 235

IMPORTANT TERMS 237

REVIEW QUESTIONS 237

FOR FURTHER STUDY 237

9 Opportunities and Facilitating Factors 238

Routine Activities Theory 238

A Critique of Routine Activities Theory 240

Targets of Crime 241

Property Crimes 242

Vulnerability of Victims 243

Victim Precipitation 247

Facilitating Factors: Alcohol, Drugs, and Firearms 249

Alcohol and Crime 250

Drugs and Crime 252

Firearms and Crime 254

Summary 260

IMPORTANT TERMS 261

REVIEW QUESTIONS 261

FOR FURTHER STUDY 261

10 Criminal Careers 263

Theoretical Perspectives on Criminal Careers 264

Analyzing Criminal Careers 265

Career Contingencies 265

The Labeling Perspective 266

The "Zigzag Path": Criminal Careers and Legitimate Pursuits 267

Recruitment into a Criminal Career 268

Typologies of Criminal Careers 269

Delinquent Careers 269

Chronic Offenders 270

Patterns of Delinquent Careers 271

Juvenile Delinquency and Adult Criminal Careers 272

Criminal Careers of Robbers 274

Career Patterns 275

Planning Crimes 275

Use of the Stolen Money 276

Intensive and Intermittent Career Criminals 276

Criminal Careers of White-Collar Offenders 277

Leaving a Life of Crime 278

A Model of the Exiting Process 278

Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Professional Thief 280

Reasons for Leaving a Career in Violent Crime 280

Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Drug Dealer or Smuggler 281

Exiting and Theories of Crime Causation 281

Exiting and the Correctional System 283

Summary 284

IMPORTANT TERMS 285

REVIEW QUESTIONS 285

FOR FURTHER STUDY 286

11 The Organization of Criminal Behavior 287

The Meaning of Organization 288

Juvenile Gangs 290

The Unorganized Gang 291

The Organized Gang 292

Conventional Crime 295

Professional Theft 295

Drug Smuggling and Dealing 299

Violent Crime 301

Organized Crime 301

The Mafia in the United States 303

New Forms of Organized Crime 307

White-Collar Crime 309

Summary 310

IMPORTANT TERMS 311

REVIEW QUESTIONS 311

FOR FURTHER STUDY 312

12 Community Reactions to Crime 313

Fear of Crime 314

Consequences of the Fear of Crime 316

Informal Control of Crime 319

Community and Informal Social Control 319

Defensible Space and Informal Social Control 322

Individual Response to Crime 324

Bystander Responses to Crime 324

Collective Response to Crime 328

A Historical and Comparative Perspective 329

Urban Patrol Groups 330

Neighborhood Watches 332

Community Crime-Prevention Strategies 333

Summary 334

IMPORTANT TERMS 335

REVIEW QUESTIONS 335

FOR FURTHER STUDY 336

13 The Criminal Justice System 337

The Police 338

History of the Police 338

Police Abuses of Authority 340

The Clearance Rate 346

Criminal Courts 347

The Bail System 348

Preventive Detention 348

Prosecutors 349

Defense Attorneys 349

Judges 350

Juries 350

Plea Bargaining 350

Probation 351

Sentence Disparity 352

The Prisons 358

History of Prisons 359

The Prison Population 359

Parole 361

The Victim in the Criminal Justice System 362

Compensation 362

Restitution 363

The Changing Role of the Victim 364

Summary 365

IMPORTANT TERMS 366

REVIEW QUESTIONS 366

FOR FURTHER STUDY 367

14 Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution,and Rehabilitation 368

Deterrence 368

Assumptions about Behavior 369

Deterrence and Other Effects of Penalties 370

Deterrence and the Criminal Act 371

Deterrence and the Sanctioning Process 372

Deterrence and the Criminal Justice System 374

Incapacitation 382

Selective Incapacitation 382

Career Criminal Programs 383

"Three Strikes and You're Out" 384

Retribution 384

A System of Just Deserts 386

Retribution and the Criminal Justice System 390

Rehabilitation 397

Rehabilitation and the Criminal Justice System 398

Types of Treatment 400

Does Rehabilitation Work? 402

Reaffirming Rehabilitation 404

Reintegrating the Offender into Society 406

The Future of Rehabilitation 407

Summary 408

IMPORTANT TERMS 409

REVIEW QUESTIONS 409

FOR FURTHER STUDY 410

15 Solving the Crime Problem 411

Ideological Approaches to Solving the Crime Problem 411

The Conservative Approach 411

The Liberal Approach 412

The Radical Approach 412

Attitudes toward the Causes and Prevention of Crime 413

The Politics of Crime 414

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice 414

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 415

The 1968 and 1972 Presidential Elections 416

The Crime Issue during the Reagan Administration 416

The 1988 Presidential Election and the George H. W. Bush Administration 417

The 1992 and 1996 Elections and the Clinton Administration 417

The 2000 Presidential Election and the George W. Bush Administration 418

Crime and the Criminal Justice System 420

Overreach of the Criminal Law 420

The Police 420

The Courts 421

The Prisons 424

Situational Crime Prevention 425

Target Hardening 426

Self-Protective Measures 426

Informal Social Control 426

Community Crime Prevention 427

Dealing with the Causes of Crime 427

Economic Factors 428

The Process of Social Change 429

Political Factors 429

Community Ties 430

The Family 430

The School 431

Discrimination 431

Conclusion 432

Summary 432

IMPORTANT TERMS 433

REVIEW QUESTIONS 433

FOR FURTHER STUDY 433

Glossary 435

Bibliography 443

Name Index 478

Subject Index 486

FEATURE BOXES 35

Crime and the Media 35

The Police and the News Media 35

Reporting Terrorism 57

White-Collar Crime in the News 66

Race and the Student-Murderer 92

Internet Crimes against Young People 138

The How-to-Commit-Crime Manual 213

Crime Stoppers 325

Crime on Campus 43

Measuring the Problem 43

Fraud and Student Loans 61

Computer Crime and Differential Association Theory 220

Routine Activities and Criminal Victimization 241

The Role of Alcohol and Drugs 250

Just Deserts for Student Offenders? 385

Cross-Cultural Perspectives 55

Hate Crimes against French Jews 55

Violent Crime in South Africa 75

Japanese Corporations and the Yakuza 143

Machismo and Murder in Brazil 204

Terrorism and the al Qaeda Network 288

Rape in Bosnia 302

Lynchings in Brazil 330

Rape and Adultery in Pakistan 363

Capital Punishment in China 381

Using Criminology 90

Can Curfews Stop Juvenile Crime? 90

Neurological and Psychological Problems of Juveniles Condemned to Death 110

Gender and the Student-Murdarer 163

Holding Parents Responsible for Their Children's Behavior 188

RICO and Organized Crime 306

Profiling the Serial Killer 422