AN INTRODUCTION TO TRANSATIOAL CRIMINAL LAWPDF电子书下载

PART A. INTRODUCTION 3

1. WHAT IS TRANSNATIONAL CRIME? 3

2. WHAT IS TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW? 13

PART B. CRIMES 27

3. PIRACY AND MARITIME SAFETY OFFENCES 27

4. SLAVE TRADING, HUMAN TRAFFICKING, AND MIGRANT SMUGGLING 36

5. DRUG TRAFFICKING 50

6. TERRORISM 62

7. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 75

8. CORRUPTION 88

9. MONEY LAUNDERING 100

10. EMERGING TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES 112

11. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS 125

PART C. ENFORCEMENT 135

12. JURISDICTION OVER TRANSNATIONAL CRIME 135

13. INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION 159

14. LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION ON THE HIGH SEAS 176

15. LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION THROUGH ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COUNTERING THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM 186

16. LEGAL ASSISTANCE 197

17. EXTRADITION OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINALS 214

18. ASSET RECOVERY 235

19. TRENDS IN TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 248

PART D. INSTITUTIONS, IMPLEMENTATION,AND COMPLIANCE 255

20. INSTITUTIONS 255

21. IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLIANCE 261

PART E. CONCLUSION 275

22. TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: SOME REFLECTIONS 275

Index 279

PART A. INTRODUCTION 3

1. WHAT IS TRANSNATIONAL CRIME? 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 The Nature of Transnational Crime 3

1.2.1 The meaning of 'transnational crime' 3

1.2.2 Characteristics and causes of transnational crime 4

1.2.3 Harms caused by transnational crime 7

1.3 Assessing and responding to transnational crime 8

1.3.1 Global cooperation: an unavoidable response to a global threat? 8

1.3.2 The scale of transnational crime 9

1.3.3 Threat identification and pathways to the development of a policy response 9

1.3.4 The nature of the policy-making process 11

2. WHAT IS TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW? 13

2.1 The transnationality of crime and the transnationalization of criminal law 13

2.2 The horizontal and vertical nature of transnational criminal law 13

2.2.1 The role of the suppression conventions 13

2.2.2 Transnational crimes and penalties 14

2.2.3 Provisions for procedural cooperation 16

2.2.4 The subjects of transnational criminal law 16

2.3 The moral and political roots of transnational criminal law 17

2.4 The distinction from international criminal law stricto sensu 18

2.5 The systems aims and values 20

2.5.1 Effective suppression 20

2.5.2 Preservation of sovereignty 20

2.5.3 Legality, legitimacy, and transparency 20

2.5.4 Protection of human rights? 21

2.6 Conclusion 22

PART B. CRIMES 27

3. PIRACY AND MARITIME SAFETY OFFENCES 27

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 The nature of piracy 27

3.3 Piracy: international or transnational crime? 28

3.4 The definition of the crime of piracy in custom and early state practice 29

3.5 Codification in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 29

3.6 The elements of the crime of piracy 30

3.6.1 Violence, detention, or depredation 30

3.6.2 The limitation to acts for private ends 30

3.6.3 The 'two ship' requirement 31

3.6.4 The limitation to the high seas 31

3.6.5 The key weakness of the UNCLOS definition 32

3.7 The maritime safety offences 33

3.8 Punishment of piracy and SUA offences 34

3.9 Problems with the substantive law exposed by the situation off Somalia 35

3.10 Conclusion 35

4. SLAVE TRADING, HUMAN TRAFFICKING, AND MIGRANT SMUGGLING 36

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Slave trading 36

4.2.1 Enslavement and slave trading 36

4.2.2 Suppression under international law 36

4.3 Forced labour and debt bondage 38

4.4 'White' slavery 39

4.5 Human trafficking 39

4.5.1 The nature of human trafficking 39

4.5.2 Criminalization of human trafficking under the Human Trafficking Protocol 40

4.5.3 Protection of victims 43

4.5.4 Regional conventions 44

4.5.5 Pressure to implement 45

4.6 People smuggling 46

4.6.1 Background to the People Smuggling Protocol 46

4.6.2 People smugglers' crimes and punishments 47

4.6.3 The distinction between trafficked and smuggled persons 48

4.6.4 The protection of migrants' human rights 48

4.7 Conclusion 49

5. DRUG TRAFFICKING 50

5.1 Introduction 50

5.2 Drugs and harm 50

5.2.1 Illicit use and harm 50

5.2.2 Illicit supply and harm 50

5.2.3 Drug prohibition and harm 51

5.3 The institutionalization of drug prohibition through international law 51

5.3.1 Origins 51

5.3.2 Commercial regulation of medicinal drugs 51

5.3.3 Penal measures 52

5.3.4 The relationship between licit and illicit supply 52

5.3.5 Drug classification 53

5.4 Supply reduction in the drug conventions 53

5.4.1 Suppressing the chain of supply 53

5.4.2 Production and refinement 54

5.4.3 Transportation 54

5.4.4 Distribution 55

5.4.5 Possession and purchase for supply 55

5.4.6 Support and organization of supply 55

5.4.7 Punishment for supply offences 56

5.5 Demand reduction provisions in the drug conventions 58

5.5.1 Under the 1961 Convention 58

5.5.2 Under the 1988 Convention 58

5.6 Treatment and harm reduction 59

5.7 The enforcement of the international drug control system 60

5.8 Conclusion 61

6. TERRORISM 62

6.1 Introduction 62

6.2 The nature and concept of terrorism 62

6.3 Aviation offences 64

6.4 Crimes against internationally protected persons 65

6.5 Nuclear terrorism 65

6.6 Hostage-taking 66

6.7 Maritime safety 67

6.8 Terrorist bombings 67

6.9 Terrorist financing 68

6.10 Suppressing terrorism through the UN Security Council 69

6.11 A comprehensive counter-terrorism convention? 71

6.12 Terrorism and human rights 71

6.13 Terrorism as a core international crime? 72

6.14 Conclusion 73

7. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 75

7.1 Introduction 75

7.2 The nature of transnational organized crime 75

7.2.1 What is transnational organized crime? 75

7.2.2 The threat of transnational organized crime 76

7.3 The development of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 77

7.3.1 Forerunner legislation 77

7.3.2 The development of the UNTOC 78

7.3.3 The failure to define organized crime 79

7.4 The UNTOC offences 79

7.4.1 Criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group 79

7.4.2 Money laundering 82

7.4.3 Corruption 83

7.4.4 Obstruction of justice 83

7.4.5 Penalties for UNTOC offences 83

7.5 The UNTOC's conditions for international cooperation 83

7.5.1 Two general conditions: transnationality and involvement of an organized criminal group 83

7.5.2 Conditions for the application of the UNTOC to offences in the UNTOC Protocols 85

7.5.3 Conditions for the residual application of the UNTOC to other 'serious crimes' 85

7.6 Criminal responsibility of legal persons 86

7.7 Conclusion 86

8. CORRUPTION 88

8.1 Introduction 88

8.2 The nature of corruption 88

8.3 Forerunner legislation 89

8.4 The Inter-American Convention against Corruption 90

8.5 The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 91

8.6 Other regional anti-corruption instruments 93

8.7 The UN Convention against Corruption 94

8.7.1 The development of the Convention 94

8.7.2 Crimes 94

8.7.3 Punishment 97

8.8 The effectiveness of the anti-corruption conventions 98

8.9 Conclusion 99

9. MONEY LAUNDERING 100

9.1 Introduction 100

9.2 The nature of money laundering 100

9.3 The domestic roots of the money laundering offence 102

9.4 The money laundering offence 103

9.4.1 The ancillary nature of money laundering 103

9.4.2 The 'internal' elements of money laundering 106

9.5 Criminal liability for legal persons 109

9.6 The punishment of money laundering 109

9.7 Enforcing implementation 110

9.8 Conclusion 110

10. EMERGING TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES 112

10.1 Introduction 112

10.2 Firearms trafficking 112

10.2.1 Background 112

10.2.2 Crimes 113

10.2.3 Shoring up the Firearms Protocol 113

10.3 Illicit traffic in cultural property 113

10.3.1 Background 113

10.3.2 The 1954 Hague Convention 114

10.3.3 The 1970 UNESCO Convention 114

10.3.4 The 1985 European Convention 115

10.3.5 The UNIDROIT Convention 115

10.3.6 Conclusion 115

10.4 Cybercrime 115

10.4.1 Background 115

10.4.2 The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 116

10.4.3 A UN Cybercrime Convention? 118

10.5 Environmental crimes 118

10.5.1 Background 118

10.5.2 Illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing 119

10.5.3 Illegal trading in endangered species 120

10.5.4 Illegal logging and timber trafficking 120

10.5.5 Trans-boundary pollution 121

10.5.6 Future developments in regard to environmental crimes 121

10.6 Other emerging transnational crimes 122

10.6.1 Offences against state interests 122

10.6.2 Offences against property interests 122

10.6.3 Offences against children 123

10.6.4 New forms of trafficking 123

11. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS 125

11.1 Crimes 125

11.1.1 Introduction 125

11.1.2 Unlawfulness 126

11.1.3 Material elements 126

11.1.4 Mental elements 127

11.1.5 Participation 127

11.1.6 Inchoate offences 127

11.1.7 Liability of legal persons 128

11.1.8 Defences 128

11.1.9 A general part of transnational criminal law? 129

11.2 The limited impact of international law on domestic penalties 130

PART C. ENFORCEMENT 135

12. JURISDICTION OVER TRANSNATIONAL CRIME 135

12.1 Introduction 135

12.2 Limitations on jurisdiction over transnational crime 135

12.3 Extensions of extraterritorial jurisdiction recognized under the suppression conventions 137

12.4 Territoriality 138

12.4.1 Strict territoriality 138

12.4.2 Quasi-territoriality 139

12.4.3 Subjective and objective territoriality, ubiquity 140

12.4.4 Effects 141

12.5 Personality 142

12.5.1 Nationality 142

12.5.2 Passive personality 144

12.5.3 Protective 145

12.6 Universality 147

12.6.1 The duty to extradite or prosecute/subsidiary universality 147

12.6.2 The questionable effectiveness of subsidiary universality 149

12.6.3 Absolute universality over transnational crime? 150

12.7 Concurrent jurisdiction 152

12.8 Immunity from jurisdiction over transnational crime 153

12.8.1 Introduction 153

12.8.2 Sovereign immunity 154

12.8.3 Diplomatic immunity 155

12.8.4 Immunity of officials from intergovernmental organizations 156

12.8.5 Immunity of officials under their own national law 156

12.9 Conclusion 157

13. INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION 159

13.1 Introduction 159

13.1.1 Enforcing an established jurisdiction 159

13.1.2 Territorial law enforcement against transnational crime 159

13.1.3 Law enforcement against extraterritorial crime 160

13.1.4 The nature of police-to-police cooperation 161

13.2 Information storage and exchange 161

13.2.1 Introduction 161

13.2.2 Provisions in the suppression conventions for information exchange 162

13.2.3 Information exchange in practice 163

13.3 Operational cooperation 165

13.3.1 Introduction 165

13.3.2 Liaison 165

13.3.3 Joint investigations 166

13.3.4 Hot pursuit 168

13.3.5 Special investigative techniques 168

13.3.6 Procedures that enhance or frustrate the suppression of transnational crime 171

13.3.7 Human rights 171

13.4 Law enforcement training 172

13.5 The role of international law enforcement organizations 173

13.6 Conclusion 174

14. LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION ON THE HIGH SEAS 176

14.1 Introduction 176

14.2 Jurisdiction over own vessels 176

14.3 Jurisdiction over stateless vessels 177

14.4 Jurisdiction over foreign vessels 177

14.4.1 Hot pursuit 177

14.4.2 Permission to enforce jurisdiction 178

14.4.3 Interdiction of foreign vessels engaged in drug trafficking 178

14.4.4 Interdiction of foreign slave traders and migrant smugglers 179

14.4.5 Interdiction of foreign pirates 180

14.4.6 Interdiction of foreign fishing vessels 181

14.4.7 Interdiction of foreign vessels carrying weapons of mass destruction 182

14.5 Interdiction of vessels that seek refuge in a foreign states territorial waters 183

14.6 Practical problems 184

14.7 Human rights implications 184

14.8 Conclusion 185

15. LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION THROUGH ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COUNTERING THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM 186

15.1 Introduction 186

15.2 Obstacles to policing money laundering 187

15.3 The development of the AML regime 187

15.3.1 Forerunner legislation 187

15.3.2 International steps 188

15.3.3 National regulatory measures 191

15.4 The removal of bank secrecy laws 192

15.5 Financial intelligence units 193

15.6 Adaptation of the AML regime to counter-terrorist financing 194

15.7 Conclusion 195

16. LEGAL ASSISTANCE 197

16.1 Introduction 197

16.2 The nature and development of legal assistance 197

16.2.1 Nature 197

16.2.2 Letters rogatory 197

16.2.3 Mutual legal assistance 198

16.3 The scope of the legal assistance provisions in the suppression conventions 199

16.3.1 The general duty to provide mutual legal assistance 199

16.3.2 The limitation of legal assistance to criminal proceedings 200

16.3.3 Types of legal assistance available 201

16.4 The conditions for and exceptions to legal assistance 203

16.4.1 Introduction 203

16.4.2 Conditions 203

16.4.3 Exceptions 205

16.4.4 Conclusion 206

16.5 Procedure for legal assistance 207

16.5.1 Introduction 207

16.5.2 Transmitting requests 207

16.5.3 Execution of requests 208

16.6 The rights of individuals to legal assistance 210

16.7 Alternative methods of acquiring evidence abroad 210

16.8 Conclusion 212

17. EXTRADITION OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINALS 214

17.1 Introduction 214

17.2 The legal basis for extradition 215

17.2.1 Extradition treaties, schemes, and national laws 215

17.2.2 Extradition in the suppression conventions 216

17.3 The conditions for and exceptions to extradition 217

17.3.1 Conditions, exceptions, and the rule of non-inquiry 217

17.3.2 Double criminality 218

17.3.3 Extraditable offence 220

17.3.4 Sufficiency of evidence 221

17.3.5 Specialty 222

17.3.6 Political offence exception 223

17.3.7 Non-discrimination 224

17.3.8 Nationality exception 224

17.3.9 Military offence exception 226

17.3.10 Fiscal offence exception 226

17.3.11 Nemo bis in idem 226

17.3.12 Procedural and practical obstacles 227

17.3.13 Penalty exceptions 227

17.4 Human rights in extradition 228

17.4.1 The development of human rights bars 228

17.4.2 Rights and prohibitions relevant in extradition 229

17.5 Extradition procedure 230

17.6 The future of extradition: surrender under the European Arrest Warrant? 230

17.7 Alternatives to extradition 232

17.8 Conclusion 234

18. ASSET RECOVERY 235

18.1 Introduction 235

18.2 The international development of asset recovery 235

18.3 Interim measures: identification, tracing, freezing, and seizing 236

18.4 Conviction-based confiscation 238

18.5 Non-conviction-based forfeiture 240

18.6 International cooperation 243

18.7 Dispersal of recovered assets 245

18.8 Legitimacy and effectiveness 247

19. TRENDS IN TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 248

19.1 Introduction 248

19.2 Jurisdiction 248

19.3 Reliance of the suppression conventions on the system for international cooperation in criminal matters 249

19.4 Pre-trial law enforcement assistance 249

19.5 Legal assistance for trial purposes 250

19.6 Extradition 251

19.7 Post trial: asset recovery 251

19.8 Conclusion 252

PART D. INSTITUTIONS, IMPLEMENTATION, AND COMPLIANCE 255

20. INSTITUTIONS 255

20.1 Introduction 255

20.2 UN criminal justice institutions 255

20.2.1 Introduction 255

20.2.2 Law-making 255

20.2.3 Policy-making: the ECOSOC's functional commissions 256

20.2.4 Oversight: the International Narcotics Control Board and conferences of parties 256

20.2.5 Administration: the UN Office on Drugs and Crime 257

20.3 Other intergovernmental institutions and organizations 258

20.4 Civil society 259

20.5 Conclusion 259

21. IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLIANCE 261

21.1 Introduction 261

21.2 Implementation 261

21.3 Compliance 262

21.4 Review mechanisms 264

21.5 The carrot: technical assistance 265

21.6 The sticks: enforcing implementation and compliance 266

21.7 A transnational criminal court? 269

21.8 Conclusion 270

PART E. CONCLUSION 275

22. TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: SOME REFLECTIONS 275

22.1 Incremental development 275

22.2 Hard and soft law 275

22.3 A horizontal system 276

22.4 Selective interests 277

22.5 Harmonization of domestic criminal laws 277

22.6 Effective suppression 278

22.7 Transnational criminal law not justice 278

Index 279