NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW PRINCIPLES AND INDIAN CONTRACT LAWPDF电子书下载

Acknowledgements 13

Introduction 15

Ⅰ.Generally 15

Ⅱ.Structure and methodology 18

Chapter Ⅰ： Overview of the UNIDROIT and European Principles 21

Ⅰ.Generally 21

Ⅱ.History 23

A.UNIDROIT Principles 23

B.Principles of European Contract Law 25

1. Harmonisation of contract laws in the European Union 26

2. History of the European Principles 28

Ⅲ.Methodology， authority， substance and applicability 29

A.Methodology of the Working Groups 30

B.Structure and language 31

C.Legal character and authority 32

D.Applicability and substantive scope 33

1.Applicability of the Principles to international contracts 34

a.Parties’ express choice of the Principles as lex contractus 34

b.Applicability in absence of express choice by the parties 35

c.Incorporation as contract terms and applicability under the lex contractus 36

d.Applicability in arbitral proceedings 37

2. Substantive scope 37

3. Further scope of applicability 38

E.Differences in substance 39

F.Practical relevance 41

Ⅳ.Alternatives worth coexisting， or competing variations of similar content？ 44

Chapter Ⅱ： Overview of Indian statutory contract law 47

Ⅰ.Indian Contract Act， 1872 47

A.History 47

B.Scope and structure 49

Ⅱ.Specific Relief Act， 1963 51

Chapter Ⅲ： Non-performance in general 53

Ⅰ.Generally 53

A.Principles 53

1. Unitary concept of non-performance 53

2. What constitutes non-performance 54

B.Indian statutory law 56

C.Comparative analysis 58

Ⅱ.Other party being responsible for the non-performance 59

A.Principles 59

1. Prevention of performance by the promisee 59

2. Creditor’s failure to accept tender of performance 60

3. Consequences 61

a.Prevention of performance by promisee 61

b.Promisee’s rejection of a tender 62

B.Indian statutory law 63

1. Prevention of performance by the creditor 63

2. Promisee’s failure to provide necessary facilities for performance 64

3. Promisee’s refusal to accept tender of performance 64

C.Comparative analysis 65

Ⅲ.Right to withhold performance 67

A.Principles 67

1. Requirements for withholding performance 68

2. Consequences 70

B.Indian statutory law 71

1. Parties to perform simultaneously（Indian Contract Act Sec.51） 72

2. One promise to be performed rst（Indian Contract Act Sec.54） 72

3. Consequences 73

C.Comparative analysis 74

Ⅳ.Right to cure 76

A.Principles 76

B.Indian statutory law 78

C.Comparative analysis 78

Ⅴ.Additional period for performance 79

A.Principles 79

B.Indian statutory law 82

C.Comparative analysis 83

Ⅵ.Exemption clauses 84

A.Principles 84

1. Clauses covered 85

2. Clauses which may not be invoked 86

3. Consequences 87

B.Indian statutory law 87

C.Comparative analysis 88

Ⅶ.Force majeure 89

A.Principles 89

1. Generally 89

2. Requisites offorce majeure 90

3. Consequences of force majeure 92

a.Specific performance and damages 92

b.Termination of the contract 93

B.Indian statutory law 94

1. Subsequent impossibility and frustration 94

2. Consequences 96

C.Comparative analysis 97

Chapter Ⅳ： Overview of the systems of remedies 101

Ⅰ.Principles 101

Ⅱ.Indian statutory law 103

Chapter Ⅴ： Specific performance 107

Ⅰ.Specific performance of monetary and non-monetary obligations 107

A.Principles 107

1. Generally 107

2. Right to performance of monetary obligations 109

a.Requisites of specific performance 109

b.Exceptions 109

c.Consequences 110

3. Right to performance of non-monetary obligations 111

a.Performance impossible or unlawful 111

b.Performance unreasonably burdensome or expensive 112

c.Cover transaction 114

d.Performance being of exclusively personal character 114

e.Performance not being requested within reasonable time 115

f.Consequences 116

4. Judicial penalty 116

B.Indian statutory law 117

1. Generally 117

2. When specific relief may be awarded 118

a.Specifically enforceable contracts 118

b.Contracts which cannot be specifically enforced 120

c.Judicial discretion 122

d.General requirements of and defences against claim of specific performance 123

3. Consequences of a suit for specific relief 125

4. Claim for agreed sum of money 126

C.Comparative analysis 126

1. Monetary obligations 126

2. Non-monetary obligations 127

a.Performance impossible or unlawful 128

b.Performance unreasonably burdensome or expensive 128

c.Performance readily available on the market or from an alternative source 129

d.Performance being of exclusively personal character 129

e.Performance to be requested within reasonable time 130

f.Personal bars to specific relief 130

g.Implications of a claim of or suit for specific performance 131

3. Evaluation 131

Ⅱ.Change of remedy 133

A.Principles 133

B.Indian statutory law 134

C.Comparative analysis 136

Chapter Ⅵ： Termination of contracts 139

Ⅰ.Grounds and means of termination 139

A.Principles 139

1. Generally 140

2. Requisites of the right to terminate the contract 140

a.Fundamental non-performance 140

b.Termination after expiration of additional period for performance 147

c.Anticipatory non-performance 149

d.Failure to provide assurance of due performance within reasonable time 150

e.Contracts to be performed in parts 151

f.Termination notice 152

3. Contract terminated automatically 154

4. Judicial or arbitral termination 155

B.Indian statutory law 155

1. Generally 155

2. Contract automatically void due to impossibility，unlawfulness， or frustration 156

a.Grounds of automatic termination 156

b.Consequences 158

3. Termination of voidable contract 159

a.Repudiation and anticipatory breach 159

b.Termination in response to being prevented from performing 161

c.Failure to perform at or within fixed time 162

d.Means of effecting termination 163

C.Comparative analysis 164

1. Fundamental non-performance v.impossibility，frustration and repudiation 164

a.Severity of the non-performance 165

b.Strict compliance with the contract 166

c.Conduct of the non-performing party 166

d.Failure to perform within additional period for performance 167

e.Anticipatory non-performance 167

f.The concepts of fundamental non-performance and termination at the option of the aggrieved party as means of “improving” the doctrine of frustration？ 168

4. Failure to provide adequate assurance of performance 170

5. Termination in response to being prevented from performing 171

6. Termination notice 172

Ⅱ.Consequences of termination 172

A.Principles 172

1. General effects of termination 172

2. Restitution 173

a.Generally 173

b.Restitution in kind 175

c.Allowance in money instead of restitution in kind 177

d.Restitution only for the time after termination 179

B.Indian statutory law 180

1. General effects of termination 180

2. Restitution 181

a.Restitution of benefits received under a terminated contract by force of law 181

b.Restitution of benefits received under a contract terminated at the aggrieved party’s option 183

c.Quantum meruit 184

C.Comparative Analysis 185

1.General effects of termination 185

2.Restitution 186

a.UNIDROIT Principles and Indian statutory contract law 187

b.Principles of European Contract Law 188

c.Evaluation 189

Chapter Ⅶ： Damages 193

Ⅰ.Right to Damages 193

A.Principles 193

1.Generally 193

2.Non-performance of a contractual obligation 194

3.Harm sustained by the aggrieved party 196

4.Causal link between non-performance and loss 196

5.Non-performance not excused 197

6.General measure of damages 197

B.Indian statutory law 199

1.Generally 199

2.Breach of a valid contract 203

3.Loss or damage sustained by the aggrieved party 204

4.Causal link between breach of contract and loss 205

5.Specific requirements 205

6.General measure of damages 206

C.Comparative analysis 208

1.Generally 208

2.Non-performance/breach of contract 209

3.Harm caused by non-performance 210

4.Non-performance not excused 210

5.General measure of damages 212

Ⅱ.Certainty of harm 213

A.Principles 213

B.Indian statutory law 214

C.Comparative analysis 215

Ⅲ.Foreseeability of harm 216

A.Principles 216

B.Indian statutory law 217

C.Comparative analysis 219

Ⅳ.Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction and by current price 221

A.Principles 221

1. Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction 221

2. Proof of harm by current price 223

B.Indian statutory law 223

C.Comparative analysis 225

Ⅴ.Harm due in part to aggrieved party 226

A.Principles 226

B.Indian statutory law 227

C.Comparative analysis 227

Ⅵ.Mitigation of harm 228

A.Principles 228

B.Indian statutory law 229

C.Comparative analysis 231

Ⅶ.Interest 232

A.Principles 232

1. Interest for failure to pay money 232

2. Interest on damages 234

B.Indian statutory law 235

1. Interest for non-payment of money 235

a.Interest Act， 1978 236

b.Recoverability of interest by virtue of damages？ 238

2. Interest on damages 238

C.Comparative analysis 239

1. Interest for failure to pay money 239

2. Interest on damages 241

3. Evaluation 241

Ⅷ.Manner of monetary redress 242

Ⅸ.Currency in which to assess damages 243

A.Principles 243

B.Indian statutory law 244

Ⅹ.Agreed payment for non-performance 244

A.Principles 244

B.Indian statutory law 246

C.Comparative analysis 249

Chapter Ⅷ： Reduction of price 253

Ⅰ.Principles 253

Ⅱ.Indian statutory law 254

Ⅲ.Comparative analysis 255

Conclusions 257

Ⅰ.Generally 257

Ⅱ.Non-performance in general 257

Ⅲ.Specific performance 261

Ⅳ.Termination of contracts 262

Ⅴ.Damages 265

Ⅵ.Reduction of price 269

Bibliography 271