VICTIMOLOGY SIXTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1. The Scope of Victimology 1

Learning Objectives 1

Introduction 1

The Victim Throughout History 1

The Reemergence of the Victim 3

The Work of Hans von Hentig: The Criminal and His Victim 4

The Work of Benjamin Mendelsohn: Further Reflections 5

The Work of Stephen Schafer: The Victim and His Criminal 6

Other Scholarly Efforts 7

Empirical Studies of Victim Precipitation 7

The Work of Marvin E. Wolfgang: Patterns in Criminal Homicide 7

The Work of Menachem Amir: Patterns in Forcible Rape 8

Criticisms and Reactions 9

A New Approach: General Victimology 11

Critical Victimology 12

The Victim Movement 14

The Women's Movement 14

Children's Rights 14

The Growing Crime Problem 15

Victim Compensation 15

Legal Reforms 16

Other Factors 16

Summary and Overview of This Book 18

Key Terms for Chapter 1 19

2. Measuring Criminal Victimization 21

Learning Objectives 21

Introduction 22

Official Police Reports 22

Victimization Surveys 25

First-Generation Victim Surveys 26

The NORC Survey 26

Some Methodological Considerations 27

Second-Generation Victim Surveys 28

Recall Problems 28

Respondent Concerns 30

Third-Generation Victim Surveys 30

The National Crime Survey 30

The Business Victimization Survey 31

City Surveys 32

Fourth-Generation Victim Surveys 32

Crime Surveys Outside the United States 35

Comparing the NCVS and the UCR 36

Repeat Victimization 37

Summary 42

Key Terms for Chapter 2 42

3.Property Victimization 43

Learning Objectives 43

Introduction 43

Types of Property Victimization 44

Burglary 44

Larceny/Theft 45

Motor Vehicle Theft 46

Arson 47

Trends in Property Crime 48

The Consequences of Index Property Crime 49

Other Economic Crimes 50

Traditional Fraud 51

Identity Theft 52

Mass-Marketing Fraud 55

Cybercrime Against Businesses 58

Summary of Property Crime Types 59

Further Costs of Property Victimization 59

Summary 60

Key Terms for Chapter 3 61

4 Personal Victimization 63

Learning Objectives 63

Introduction 64

Personal Crimes 64

Homicide Victimization 64

Assault Victimization 70

Robbery Victimization 71

The Impact of Personal Crime 74

Theories of Personal Victimization 76

Social Interactionism 76

The Routine Activities/Lifestyle Model 78

Strain Theory 79

Learning Theory 79

The "Regional Culture of Violence" Thesis 82

Cultural Challenges 83

Regional Challenges 84

Medical Resources as an Emerging Theoretical Dimension 84

The Impact of Medical Resources 85

Empirical Evidence 86

Some Remaining Issues 87

Assisting the Victim 88

Death Notification 89

The Bereavement Process 91

Summary 93

Key Terms for Chapter 4 93

5. The Costs of Being a Victim 95

Learning Objectives 95

Introduction 95

The Consequences of Victimization 96

The First Insult: Criminal Victimization 96

The Second Insult: System Participation 100

Prosecutorial-Based Victim-Witness Projects 103

Project Development 105

Project Performance 106

Project Evaluation 107

Beyond the Prosecutor's Office 109

Dissenting Voices 114

Summary 115

Key Terms for Chapter 5 115

6.Remedying the Plight of Victims 117

Learning Objectives 117

Introduction 117

Offender Restitution 118

The Rationale for Restitution 119

Types of Restitution 120

Evaluating the Impact of Restitution 121

Problems and Concerns with Restitution 122

Civil Litigation 124

Private Insurance 127

Victim Compensation 128

Philosophical Bases 130

Compensable Acts 130

Eligibility Restrictions 131

Awards 132

Funding 133

Reporting Crime and Applying for Compensation 133

Does Victim Compensation Work? 133

Macro-Level Effects 134

Micro-Level Effects 135

Problems and Concerns with Compensation 135

Summary 136

Key Terms for Chapter 6 137

7.Restorative Justice 139

Learning Objectives 139

Introduction 139

Dispute Resolution 140

Common Elements in Dispute Resolution Programs 141

Evaluation of Dispute Resolution 142

Restorative Justice 143

The Development of Restorative Justice 145

Theoretical Basis of Restorative Practices 146

Types of Restorative Justice 147

Victim-Offender Mediation 149

Family Group Conferencing 150

Circle Sentencing 151

Summary of Restorative Justice Types 153

The Impact of Restorative Justice 153

Satisfaction and Compliance 155

Recidivism 156

Problems and Issues with Restorative Justice 157

Summary 160

Key Terms for Chapter 7 161

8. Sexual Battery 163

Learning Objectives 163

Introduction 164

Defining Sexual Battery 164

Spousal Rape 166

Date or Acquaintance Rape 167

Punishing Sexual Battery 168

Coker v. Georgia (1977) 168

Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008) 168

Measuring the Extent of Rape 169

UCR Information 170

NCVS Information 170

Comparing the UCR with the NCVS Over Time 171

More Recent Efforts 173

The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study 173

The National Violence Against Women Survey 174

Sexual Victimization at the National Military Academies 175

A Word of Caution 176

Theories of Sexual Battery 177

Intraindividual Theories 177

Sociocultural Explanations 178

Typological Efforts 180

Summary of Sexual Assault Causation 181

The Aftermath of Rape 181

Crisis Reaction 182

The Crisis Reaction Repair Cycle 183

Impact 183

Recoil 184

Reorganization 184

Legal Reforms 185

Compulsory AIDS Testing 186

Consent and Corroboration 187

Shield Provisions 191

Sex Offender Registration 192

The Impact of Legal Reform 195

Macro-Level Effects 196

Micro-Level Effects 197

Summary of Legal Reform 197

Responding to Sexual Assault Victims 198

The Police 198

The Hospital 199

Medical Examination 200

Forensic Examination 201

The Prosecutor 202

Summary 203

Key Terms for Chapter 8 204

9.Intimate Partner Violence 205

Learning Objectives 205

Introduction 206

A Brief History of Intimate Partner Violence 207

The Extent of Intimate Partner Violence 209

Theories of Intimate Partner Violence 213

Intraindividual Theories 214

Sociocultural Explanations (Patriarchy) 215

The Social Learning Approach: Learned Helplessness 216

The Cycle of Violence 217

Police Intervention 218

The Arrest Option 218

Nonarrest Options 221

The Minneapolis Experiment 221

Reaction to the Minneapolis Experiment 223

Agency Directives 223

Legislative Reform 226

Academic Concerns 227

The Minneapolis Experiment Replications 228

Prosecutorial and Judicial Action 229

Crawford v. Washington (2004) 234

Davis v. Washington (2006) 235

Giles v. California (2008) 236

Summary of Judicial Action 236

Coordinating System Approaches 237

More Recent Responses 239

Stalking Laws 239

The Lautenberg Amendment 242

Court-Ordered Mandatory Counseling 243

Executive Clemency 245

National Telephone Hotline 247

Fatality Review Systems 248

Summary 249

Key Terms for Chapter 9 250

10. Child Maltreatment 251

Learning Objectives 251

Introduction 252

The Discovery of Child Maltreatment 253

Understanding the Discovery of Child Maltreatment 255

A Survey of Child Maltreatment Laws 256

Statutory Definitions 256

The Reporter 257

The Report 259

The Central Register 263

Some Trouble Spots 263

The Child Welfare System 264

The Incidence of Child Maltreatment 265

A Word of Caution Regarding Official Maltreatment Statistics 269

Theories of Child Maltreatment 270

Intraindividual Theories 270

Sociocultural Explanations 271

The Social Learning Approach 272

Some Coping Strategies 274

Home Visitation 274

Education 276

Safe Haven Laws 277

Parents Anonymous 278

Counseling 279

Children's Advocacy Centers 280

Sex Offender Registration and Notification 281

Megan's Law 281

The Adam Walsh Act 282

Other Considerations 283

Civil Commitment 284

Amber Alert 286

Legal Reform 287

Summary 290

Key Terms for Chapter 10 291

11. Crime and the Elderly 293

Learning Objectives 293

Introduction 294

The Rise of Interest in the Elderly 294

Demographic Change 294

Political Action 297

Social Consciousness 298

Defining the Elderly 298

Criminal Victimization of the Elderly 299

Fear of Crime 300

Explaining the Fear-Crime Paradox 303

Measuring Fear 303

Risk 304

Vulnerability 306

Vicarious Victimization 307

Elder Abuse and Neglect 307

Defining the Problem 308

The Incidence of Elder Maltreatment 310

Some Characteristics of Victims and Offenders 312

Institutional Maltreatment 314

Extent of Institutional Maltreatment 315

Causes of Institutional Maltreatment 316

Responding to Institutional Maltreatment 318

Theories of Elder Maltreatment 318

Intraindividual Theories 319

Situational Aspects 319

Symbolic Interactionism 320

Social Exchange 321

Social Attitudes 321

Responding to Elder Maltreatment 322

Mandatory Reporting 322

Social Service Provision 324

Research 325

Summary 326

Key Terms for Chapter 11 328

12. Victimization at Work and School 329

Learning Objectives 329

Introduction 329

Victimization at Work 330

Defining Workplace Victimization 330

The Extent of Workplace Victimization 331

Workplace Bullying 336

Explanations and Causes of Workplace Victimization 337

Intervention and Prevention 339

Responses to Workplace Victimization 340

Victimization at School 343

Victimization in Junior and Senior High Schools 343

The Extent of School Victimization 344

Responses to School Victimization 346

Explanations and Causes of School Victimization 348

Addressing School Victimization 349

College Campus Victimization 351

The Extent of College Student Victimization 352

Explanations and Causes of College Campus Victimization 353

Addressing Campus Crime 355

Sexual Harassment 355

The Extent of Sexual Harassment 357

Responses to Sexual Harassment 358

Summary 360

Key Terms for Chapter 12 361

13. Victim Rights 363

Learning Objectives 363

Introduction 363

Victim Rights Amendment 364

Federal Constitutional Reform 364

State Constitutional Reform 367

Rekindling Federal Constitutional Reform 369

Victim Rights Legislation 373

Federal Legislative Reform 374

State Legislative Reform 377

Victim Impact Statements 379

The Effect of Victim Impact Statements 382

Federal Supreme Court Rulings 383

Booth v. Maryland (1987) 384

South Carolina v. Gathers (1989) 385

Payne v. Tennessee (1991) 387

Kelly v. California (2008) 387

The Post-Payne Era 388

Professionalizing Victim Advocacy 389

Some Closing Thoughts 393

Summary 394

Key Terms for Chapter 13 395

References 397

Author Index 445

Subject Index 459