现代物理 英文PDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 3

CHAPTER 1 GALILEAN TRANSFORMATIONS 3

1.1 Events and Coordinates 3

1.2 Galilean Coordinate Transformations 4

1.3 Galilean Velocity Transformations 4

1.4 Galilean Acceleration Transformations 4

1.5 Invariance of an Equation 4

CHAPTER 2 THE POSTULATES OF EINSTEIN 10

2.1 Absolute Space and the Ether 10

2.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 10

2.3 Length and Time Measurements—A Question of Principle 10

2.4 The Postulates of Einstein 11

CHAPTER 3 THE LORENTZ COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS 15

3.1 The Constancy of the Speed of Light 15

3.2 The Invariance of Maxwell's Equations 16

3.3 General Considerations in Solving Problems Involving Lorentz Transformations 16

3.4 Simultaneity 16

CHAPTER 4 RELATIVISTIC LENGTH CONTRACTION 20

4.1 The Definition of Length 20

CHAPTER 5 RELATIVISTIC TIME DILATION 23

5.1 Proper Time 23

5.2 Time Dilation 23

CHAPTER 6 RELATIVISTIC SPACE-TIME MEASUREMENTS 27

CHAPTER 7 RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY TRANSFORMATIONS 37

7.1 The Lorentz Velocity Transformations and the Speed of Light 37

7.2 General Considerations in Solving Velocity Problems 38

7.3 The Relativistic Doppler Efrect 38

CHAPTER 8 MASS,ENERGY,AND MOMENTUM IN RELATIVITY 45

8.1 The Need to Redefine Classical Momentum 45

8.2 The Variation of Mass with Velocity 45

8.3 Newton's Second Law in Relativity 46

8.4 Mass and Energy Relationship:E＝mc2 46

8.5 Momentum and Energy Relationship 46

8.6 Units for Energy and Momentum 47

8.7 General Considerations in Solving Mass-Energy Problems 47

PART Ⅱ THE QUANTUM THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND MATTER 59

CHAPTER 9 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION—PHOTONS 59

9.1 The Theory of Photons 59

9.2 The Photoelectric Efrect 60

9.3 The Compton Effect 61

9.4 Pair Production and Annihilation 62

9.5 Absorption of Photons 63

CHAPTER 10 MATTER WAVES 80

10.1 De Broglie Waves 80

10.2 Experimental Verification of De Broglie's Hypothesis 81

10.3 The Probability Interpretation of De Broglie Waves 82

10.4 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 83

PART Ⅲ HYDROGENLIKE ATOMS 103

CHAPTER 11 THE BOHR ATOM 103

11.1 The Hydrogen Spectrum 103

11.2 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 103

11.3 Emission of Radiation in Bohr's Theory 104

11.4 Energy Level Diagrams 107

11.5 Hydrogenic Atoms 107

CHAPTER 12 ELECTRON ORBITAL MOTION 117

12.1 Orbital Angular Momentum from a Classical Viewpoint 117

12.2 Classical Magnetic Dipole Moment 118

12.3 Classical Energy of a Magnetic Dipole Moment in an External Magnetic Field 119

12.4 The Zeeman Experiment 119

12.5 Quantization of the Magnitude of the Orbital Angular Momentum 119

12.6 Quantization of the Direction of the Orbital Angular Momentum 120

12.7 Explanation of the Zeeman Effect 120

CHAPTER 13 ELECTRON SPIN 126

13.1 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 126

13.2 Electron Spin 127

13.3 Spin-Orbit Coupling 128

13.4 Fine Structure 128

13.5 Total Angular Momentum(The Vector Model) 129

PART Ⅳ MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS 135

CHAPTER 14 THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 135

14.1 Quantum.Mechanical Systems with More Than One Electron 135

14.2 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 135

14.3 A Single Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 135

14.4 Many Particles in a One-Dimensional Box 136

CHAPTER 15 MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 140

15.1 Spectroscopic Notation for Electron Configurations in Atoms 140

15.2 The Periodic Table and an Atomic Shell Model 141

15.3 Spectroscopic Notation for Atomic States 142

15.4 Atomic Excited States and LS Coupling 142

15.5 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect 143

CHAPTER 16 X-RAYS 157

16.1 X-Ray Apparatus 157

16.2 Production of Bremsstrahlung 157

16.3 Production of Characteristic X-Ray Spectra 158

16.4 The Moseley Relation 160

16.5 X-Ray Absorption Edges 160

16.6 Auger Effect 161

16.7 X-Ray Fluorescence 161

PART Ⅴ NUCLEAR PHYSICS 173

CHAPTER 17 PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI 173

17.1 The Nucleons 173

17.2 Nucleon Forces 174

17.3 The Deuteron 174

17.4 Nuclei 174

17.5 The Nucleus as a Sphere 175

17.6 Nuclear Binding Energy 175

CHAPTER 18 NUCLEAR MODELS 181

18.1 Liquid Drop Model 181

18.2 Shell Model 182

CHAPTER 19 THE DECAY OF UNSTABLE NUCLEI 193

19.1 Nuclear Decay 193

19.2 The Statistical Radioactive Decay Law 193

19.3 Gamma Decay 194

19.4 Alpha Decay 194

19.5 Beta Decay and the Neutrino 195

CHAPTER 20 NUCLEAR REACTIONS 207

20.1 Notation 207

20.2 Classification of Nuclear Reactions 207

20.3 Laboratory and Center-of-Mass Systems 208

20.4 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions 209

20.5 Nuclear Cross Sections 210

20.6 Nuclear Fission 210

20.7 Nuclear Fusion 211

CHAPTER 21 PARTICLE PHYSICS 224

21.1 Particle Genealogy 224

21.2 Particle Interactions 224

21.3 Conservation Laws 226

21.4 Conservation of Leptons 227

21.5 Conservation of Baryons 227

21.6 Conservation of Strangeness 227

21.7 Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Parity 227

21.8 Short-Lived Particles and the Resonances 228

21.9 The Eightfold Way 229

21.10 Quarks 230

PART VI ATOMIC SYSTEMS 245

CHAPTER 22 MOLECULES 245

22.1 Molecular Bonding 245

22.2 Excitations of Diatomic Molecules 246

CHAPTER 23 KINETIC THEORY 259

23.1 Average Values in a Gas 259

23.2 The Ideal Gas Law 259

CHAPTER 24 DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 268

24.1 Discrete Distribution Functions 268

24.2 Continuous Distribution Functions 269

24.3 Fundamental Distribution Functions and Density of States 270

CHAPTER 25 CLASSICAL STATISTICS:THE MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION 276

CHAPTER 26 QUANTUM STATISTICS:FERMI-DIRAC AND BOSE-EINSTEIN DISTRIBUTIONS 287

26.1 Fermi-Dirac Statistics 287

26.2 Bose-Einstein Statistics 288

26.3 High-Temperature Limit 288

26.4 Two Useful Integrals 289

26.5 Blackbody Radiation 289

26.6 Free Electron Theory of Metals 292

26.7 Specific Heats of Crystalline Solids 296

26.8 The Quantum-Mechanical Ideal Gas 301

26.9 Derivation of the Quantum Distribution Functions 305

CHAPTER 27 SOLIDS 309

27.1 The Band Theory of Solids 309

27.2 Superconductivity 318

Appendix 325

Some Fundamental Constants in Convenient Units 325

Some Useful Conversions 325

Masses of Some Particles 325

Masses of Neutral Atoms 326

Index 333